The Link Between Pleasure And Aggression Dealing With...

Article 1 Review In this article, the link between pleasure and aggression dealing with people’s choices and judgement are studied. The two groups of people are being used to test and influence the hypothesis in this article. According to Alvarado and Ramirez (2014), the two groups were of similar age, young delinquents and normal university students. One of the groups studied, showed more violence or bad behavior, while the other population is considered normal. The overall goal of the experiment is to evaluate whether the connection between pleasure and aggression and decision making primes a fixed or dissonant behavior (Alvarado Ramirez; 2014). This testing was a voluntary unpaid experiment for participants and was completely anonymous. The ages used in the groups were very parallel, the felons mean age was 17.06 and the university student’s age had a mean of 20.56 (Alvarado Ramirez; 2014). There isn’t a huge difference between ages in this study. The participants also came from a very similar area. The experiment included a total of 318 test subjects, with 48 percent consisting of males and 52% consisting of females. The 48% of males was equivalent to 177 young delinquents with an assortment of crimes under their belt, and 141 of the university students were compared to the delinquent group with normal aggression and no history of crime (Alvarado Ramirez; 2014). This experiment focused on using questionnaires to measure pleasure or displeasure of aggressiveShow MoreRelatedSMSC12647 Words   |  51 Pagesability to show courage in defence of their beliefs a readiness to challenge all that would constrain the human spirit, for example, poverty of aspiration, lack of self-confidence and belief, moral neutrality or indifference, force, fanaticism, aggression, greed, injustice, narrowness of vision, self-interest, sexism, racism and other forms of discrimination an appreciation of the intangible - for example, beauty, truth, love, goodness, order, as well as for mystery, paradox and ambiguity a respectRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages†¢ Consider â€Å"One Laptop per Child† campaign †¢ Or cannot afford to establish a dial-up or pre-paid connection to the Internet Utility †¢ User-friendly with whole range of in-depth technical guides but serve as a distraction, hopping from link to link †¢ Distractions due to sheer variety of content and multimedia can be both especially tempting and exceptionally deadly †¢ Clear psychological difference to reading a novel manuscript off a laptop screen and actually cradling the hardcopyRead MoreAn Introduction to Intercultural Communication29172 Words   |  117 Pagestheories that set principles to help interpret the basis of intercultural communication. 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He also has contributed widely to the accounting literature, taking forward the British tradition of economic theorizing in financial accounting as well as being a constant source of creative thinking in the managementRead MoreEssay on Fall of Asclepius95354 Words   |  382 Pagespesticides used on it. Thomas looked away from Duncan and stared at his monitor. His eyes widened. Geez... Man look at this article about an outbreak just north of us and one about the mysterious illness. He tapped a few times on the mouse. The link opened and went to the article titled, Unknown disease reached record level around the world. Duncan leaned over in his chair and stared at Thomas computer screen. His eyes wave back and forth reading each line. * * * * * Unknown disease

Essay 587 Final - 2992 Words

Final Exam Access dates: | 4/20/2013 12:00:00 AM to 4/25/2013 11:59:00 PM | Can be reviewed in Gradebook on: | 5/1/2013 11:59:00 PM | Number of times this exam can be taken: | 1 | Time allowed to complete: | 3h, 30min | | | Here is some information about your Final Exam: * The exam covers the entire Managing Organization Change book, multiple articles throughout the term which were referenced in all lectures, all lectures, the Cracking the Code of Change article specifically (Beer and Nohria, Harvard Business Review). Although the exam is comprehensive, the essay questions will lean heavily over the latter few weeks of class. The multiple-choice questions will be over all TCOs. * All TCOs are covered. * There will†¦show more content†¦TCO G - Given that developing a â€Å"vision for change† and communicating that â€Å"vision† is a critical part of the change process, analyze the key elements of the â€Å"vision for change† and develop a strategy to communicate the change to the stakeholder. TCO H - Given the organization’s goal of creating and implementing a sustainable change while moving toward becoming a â€Å"learning† organization, develop a plan to implement change in a sustainable manner that can be applied to any change. Using the TCO you selected from the list above, which you felt was most relevant to your project this term, write an essay answer explaining how the change management you saw in one of your companies from your project this term followed or failed to follow the theory of success ingrained in the TCO you have selected. State the #1 thing you think that company’s change agent did which most contributed to the success or failure of the change and why that relates to the TCO you selected. * Include in the answer the name of the company you are discussing. * Explain/analyze why you think this way. (Points : 35) | 2. (TCOs A, E) Your project this term asked you to compare and contrast two companies’ change projects or programs for change. This question will review what you learned about the change projects in a continuation of your project. It will ask you to apply courseShow MoreRelatedHrm 587 Final Project6446 Words   |  26 PagesChange Analysis HRM587 Managing Organizational Change Professor Dr. Shon Miles October 21, 2012 Content 1. Introduction 2. Assessment/Diagnosis 3. Analysis of the Change Strategy 4. Results/Outcomes 5. Evaluation of the Effort 6. References 7. Appendix 1. Introduction: â€Å"Change can be happen without improving, but cannot be improved with out changing† These days it is becoming highly competitive environmentRead MoreHRM 587 Final Exam 2819 Words   |  4 Pagesan example change communication using an appropriate scenario. C. Finally, formulate a methodology to measure the success of your communication plan. (Points: 30) Copy this link to your browser and download: http://www.oassignment.com/HRM-587-Final-Exam-2-1005.htm Read MoreEssay on HRM 587 Final Exam2689 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿DOWNLOAD HERE HRM 587 Final Exam 1.  (TCO All) For the next set of questions, you will first select ONE of the TCOs of the course. Then, you will be asked to write an essay about the project you worked on this term over your two companies’ change program based on the TCO you selected above. Select the TCO your essay question will cover: TCO A - Given that progressive and successful companies require their employees to embrace change, examine how changing work conditions impact the employeesRead MorePrject 587 final course project7331 Words   |  30 Pages Project Course Project Final Hewlett Packard Advanced Program Management Program Management Plan April 10, 2013 I. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 II. Organizational Strategic Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 a) Mission statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 b) Long term Goals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 c) Methods for attaining goals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Read MoreHrm 587 Final Exam (Package for 2 Versions)1762 Words   |  8 PagesHRM 587 Final Exam (Package for 2 Versions) Purchase here http://devrycourse.com/hrm-587-final-exam-package-for-2-versions Product Description †¢ HRM 587 Week 8 Final Exam (Version 1) 1. (TCO All) For the next set of questions, you will first select ONE of the TCOs of the course. Then, you will be asked to write an essay about the project you worked on this term over your two companies’ change program based on the TCO you selected above. Select the TCO your essay question will cover: Read MoreHrm 587 Final Exam (Package for 2 Versions)1762 Words   |  8 PagesHRM 587 Final Exam (Package for 2 Versions) Purchase here http://devrycourse.com/hrm-587-final-exam-package-for-2-versions Product Description †¢ HRM 587 Week 8 Final Exam (Version 1) 1. (TCO All) For the next set of questions, you will first select ONE of the TCOs of the course. Then, you will be asked to write an essay about the project you worked on this term over your two companies’ change program based on the TCO you selected above. Select the TCO your essay question will cover: Read MoreHrm 587 (Managing Organization Change) Entire Course688 Words   |  3 PagesHRM 587 (Managing Organization Change) Entire Course IF You Want To Purchase A+ Work Then Click The Link Below , Instant Download http://hwnerd.com/HRM-587-Managing-Organization-Change-Complete-Course-1162.htm?categoryId=-1 If You Face Any Problem E- Mail Us At Contact.Hwnerd@Gmail.Com Final Exam - 16 Pages Final Exam – Set 2 – 20 Pages Five Part Project: Oracle and SAP Companies Managing Organizational Change Part 1 – 4 Pages Images of Change Project Part 2 – 10 PagesRead MoreBoxes by Raymond Carver1120 Words   |  5 Pagesa new area in search of happiness, blaming her problems on anyone except herself. The mother states â€Å"Other women my age are happy. Why can’t I be like other women?† (587), this reinforces the idea that she is searching for contentment and a way to overcome her depression. The mother wants to make a connection with her son in a final attempt to overcome her depression. When she calls her son to come to dinner she tells him â€Å"I have to fry up this chicken before it rots† (582). The author uses the chickenRead MoreA Comparative Essay Yellow Wallpaper And Room19 Essay778 Words   |  4 Pages she becomes more obsessed and paranoid â€Å"the fact is I am getting a little afraid of John† (587 Gilman). The narrator submerses herself into the yellow wallpaper of her room, at first seeing changes in the paper, then coming to believe that there is a woman trapped in the paper â€Å"At night in any kind of light†¦it becomes bars! The outside pattern, I mean, and the woman behind it is as plain as can be† (587 Gilman). Ultimately both women are lost to their isolation. For Susan, her breaking point comesRead MoreJeremiahs Sermon On The World Of Judah1646 Words   |  7 Pagesrelate it to the people. God gave the prophet the ability to see and understand these visions of future events so that he could reveal God’s plan to the nations. Jeremiah would cry out in the ears of the people until the third and final destruction of Jerusalem in 587 B.C. by the Babylonians. During his life, Jeremiah faced many hardships and trials. His life is described as lonely, and his ministry seemed to bring very little profit. He is sometimes referred to as the â€Å"weeping prophet† because of

Manufacturing Process of Apple Sample †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Manufacturing Process of Apple. Answer: The manufacturing process is designed in such a way that the process are been aligned for satisfying the requirements of customers and meeting the organisational objectives simultaneously. Each and every business whether they are customer or service based has the primary objectives to deliver good quality services or products to their customers. The selection of best process of manufacturing is dependent on number of significant factors. This clarifies the distinctions which exist in organizations inside a similar industry that may outline their procedures in an unexpected way. Choice of the perfect procedure relies upon the idea of commercial centre, product as well as business. In context of Apple Inc, this paper goes for giving a basic talk of the key factors that impact the determination of an administration or assembling process plan (Drucker, 2017). It likewise tries to talk about courses in which extend administration standards help operations administrators in acquaintance of changes with operation procedures or frameworks. The manufacturing of devices in Apple has some strong scientific background. Apple uses the proximity sensor which is capable of detecting the objects which are present nearby in the close vicinity of the device. I8t has the capability of detecting the object without any physical touch. One specific sort of proximity sensor is that it produces a light emission radiation which is within spectrum of infrared, and distinguishes any alternation in the fields or it also notices the return signal if it is different. The detected object which is been sensed b proximity sensor can be said as the target of the sensor. Such sensor can be tested, by selecting the target which has enough characteristics of reflection through infrared spectrum of the sensor that is utilised (Powell et al., 2017). The output of the sensor is then measured by fixing the target at different distances from the sensor. As the objective is moved more remote away, the yield of the sensor drops. Commonly, the sensor is t ried at a few diverse target separations, and if its yield falls outside a normal range for each objective separation, at that point the sensor might be considered a coming up short unit. While the proximity sensor has long had a few applications, its moderately late use in individual versatile specialized gadgets, for example, PDAs and advanced mobile phones that have a touch delicate show screen exhibits an especially troublesome test for its high volume produce testing (Curran Burke, 2016). Apple uses proximity sensor for detecting the time of the user moving the device close to ear for answering the call. This sensor also disable the touch screen to take input of any other touch commands which may be entered with the screen coming in contact with the cheek of the user. Apple also conducts the Greenhouse gas Life Cycle Assessment of the product. The organisation uses five steps while conducting life cycle assessment. Firstly, for modelling the phase of manufacture the organisation uses measurement on part to part basis of the full device. This measurement assists in determining size, shape and weight of device with the product materials. Secondly for modelling the product while it is been used by customer the organisation computes the products power consumed when the product is been operated in the real time scenario (Clarke Boersma, 2017). Thirdly, to show transportation, the organisation use data assembled on shipments of single things and multipack units by strategies for land, sea and air. The organisation address transporting materials between party regions; transporting things from social event targets to contiguous disseminating focus fixations; transporting things from neighbourhood assignment focus fixations to solitary customers; and tran sporting things from influencing customers to reusing working conditions. Fourthly to show reusing, we use material structure data on our things and cover the treatment steps wrapped up by the recycler to get metal, plastic and glass material streams. Coming to fruition get ready and remelting steps are rejects as these are considered circumstances of creation and not end?of?life managing. Fifthly, after we assemble data about creation, use, transport and reusing, we oblige it with unequivocal ozone hurting substance surge data. This release data relies on a mix of Apple-specific and industry-regular datasets for material creation, delivering diagrams, control time and transportation. Joining thing specific data with surge data in our LCA instrument connects with us to mean clear results for ozone crippling substance releases as they relate to the thing. The data and demonstrating approaches are checked for quality and exactness by the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany. Therefore it can be seen that the organisation has a very scientific as well as comparative approach for manufacturing process as it gives importance to every minute processes at the time of manufacturing. References Clarke, T., Boersma, M. (2017). The governance of global value chains: unresolved human rights, environmental and ethical dilemmas in the apple supply chain.Journal of Business Ethics,143(1), 111-131. Curran, J. A., Burke, W. D. (2016).U.S. Patent Application No. 15/054,004. Drucker, P. F. (2017).The Theory of the Business (Harvard Business Review Classics). Harvard Business Press. Powell, D. M., Fu, R., Horowitz, K., Basore, P. A., Woodhouse, M., Buonassisi, T. (2015). The capital intensity of photovoltaics manufacturing: barrier to scale and opportunity for innovation.Energy Environmental Science,8(12), 3395-3408.

The Secret Service Essay Example For Students

The Secret Service Essay The Secret Service was created in 1865 as a federal law enforcement agency within the Treasury Department. It derives its legal authority from Title 18, United States Code, Section 3056. It was established for the express purpose of stopping counterfeiting operations which had sprung up in this country following the introduction of paper currency during the Civil War (Treasury, 2002, Online). The Secret Service maintains its role as guardian of the integrity of our currency, but today also investigates crimes involving United States securities, coinage, other government issues, credit and debit card fraud, and electronic funds transfer fraud. The most obvious of its other activities is executive protection, which began after the assassination of President McKinley in 1901(Treasury, 2002, Online). We will write a custom essay on The Secret Service specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the 1800s, Americas monetary system was very disorganized. Bills and coins were issued by each state through individual banks, which generated many types of legal currency. With so many different kinds of bills in circulation, it was easy for people to counterfeit money. The Secret Service officially went to work on July 5, 1865. Its first chief was William Wood. Chief Wood, widely known for his heroism during the Civil War, was very successful in his first year, closing more than 200 counterfeiting plants. This success helped prove the value of the Secret Service, and in 1866 the National Headquarters was established in the Department of the Treasury building in Washington, D.C (Treasury, 2002, Online). During the evening of the same day President Lincoln established the Secret Service, he was assassinated at Fords Theatre in Washington, D.C., by John Wilkes Booth. The country mourned as news spread that the President had been shot (White House, online). It was the first time in our nations history that a President had been assassinated and it was the reason that the Congress eventually, after two more presidential assassinations, added Presidential protection to the list of duties performed by the Secret Service. Since 1901, every President from Theodore Roosevelt on has been protected by the Secret Service. In 1917, threats against the President became a felony and Secret Service protection was broadened to include all members of the First Family (White House, online). In 1951, protection of the Vice President and the President-elect was added. After the assassination of Presidential candidate Robert Kennedy in 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) authorized the Secret Se rvice to protect all Presidential candidates. Over the years, the Secret Services function has continued to change and grow. Its functions include: Protecting the President and Vice President and their families, candidates for those offices, former Presidents and their families, and visiting heads of foreign states and governments; Enforcing laws against counterfeiting currency, coins, or securities of the United States; Enforcing laws against fraud or forgery of Government checks or bonds, and other securities and obligations of the United States; Investigating credit and debit card fraud, computer fraud, and electronic fund transfer fraud; Furnishing physical security for the White House, the Main Treasury Building, and foreign embassies and missions in Washington, New York and other cities. (Treasury, 2002, Online). These functions are directly reflected, below, in their mission statement and fall into two distinct categories the investigative mission and the protective mission. The United States Secret Service is mandated by statute and executive order to carry out two significant missions: protection and criminal investigations. The Secret Service protects the President and Vice President, their families, heads of state, and other designated individuals; investigates threats against these protectees; protects the White House, Vice Presidents Residence, Foreign Missions, and other buildings within Washington, D.C.; and plans and implements security designs for designated National Special Security Events. The Secret Service also investigates violations of laws relating to counterfeiting of obligations and securities of the United States; financial crimes that include, but are not limited to, access device fraud, financial institution fraud, identity theft, computer fraud; and computer-based attacks on our nations financial, banking, and telecommunications infrastructure. Protection remains the Secret Services primary mission. The Secret Service Uniformed Division shares in accomplishing this mission through its protection of the White House and its immediate surroundings, as well as the residence of the Vice President, and over 170 foreign embassies located in Washington, D.C. Originally a force comprised of a few members of the military and the Metropolitan Police Department, it began formalized protection of the White House and its grounds in 1860. This unit was under the direction of the White House Military Aide until July 1, 1922 when President Warren G. Harding prompted the establishment of a White House Police Force. It was not until 1930, after an unknown intruder managed to walk into the White House dining room, that President Herbert Hoover recognized the need for the White House Police and the Secret Service to join forces. President Hoover wanted the Secret Service to exclusively control every aspect of Presidential protection; therefore, Congress placed the supervision of the White House Police under the direction of the Chief of the Secret Service. In 1970, Public Law 91-217 expanded the role of the White House Police, newly named the Executive Protective Service, to include protection of diplomatic missions in the Washington, D.C.,area. Congress later added the protection of the Vice Presidents immediate family to the Executive Protective Services growing responsibilities in 1974. After several name revisions, the force officially adopted its current name, the United States Secret Service Uniformed Division in 1977. The Special Agent Division assists with the Secret Services protective mission through their work with personal protection. Agents in this division are responsible for the welfare, safety, and protection of certain eligible individuals. The Secret Service protective methods are generally the same for all individuals protected. Permanent protectees, such as the President and the First Lady, have details of special agents assigned to them. Temporary protectees, such as candidates and foreign dignitaries, have details of special agents on temporary assignment from Secret Service field offices. The Secret Service does not discuss methods or means in any detail, however generally speaking, the advance team surveys each site to be visited. From these surveys, the members determine manpower, equipment, hospitals, and evacuation routes for emergencies. Fire, rescue, and other public service personnel in the community are alerted. A command post is established with full communications facilities. The assistance of the military, federal, state, county, and local law enforcement organizations is a vital part of the entire security operation. Before the protectees arrival, the lead advance agent coordinates all law enforcement representatives participating in the visit. Personnel are posted and are alerted to specific problems associated with the visit. Intelligence information is discussed, identification specified, and emergency options outlined. Prior to the arrival of the protectee, checkpoints are established, and access to the secured area is limited. During the visit, Secret Service and local law enforcement personnel form a network of support for members of the detail surrounding the protectee. The Secret Service command post acts as the communication center for protective activities, monitors emergencies, and keeps all participants in contact with one another. After the visit, agents analyze every step of the protective operation, record unusual incidents, and suggest improvements for the future. Protective research is an integral component of all security operations. Agents and specialists assigned to protective research evaluate information received from law enforcement/intelligence agencies and a variety of other sources regarding individuals or groups who may pose a threat to Secret Service protectees. They review questionable letters and emails received at the White House and maintain a 24-hour operation to receive, coordinate and disseminate protection-related information. While most people associate the Secret Service with Presidential protection, their original mandate was to investigate the counterfeiting of U.S. currencywhich they still do. The Secret Services primary investigative mission is to safeguard the payment and financial systems of the United States. This has been historically accomplished through the enforcement of the counterfeiting statutes to preserve the integrity of United States currency, coin and financial obligations. Since 1984, their investigative responsibilities have expanded to include crimes that involve financial institution fraud, computer and telecommunications fraud, false identification documents, access device fraud, advance fee fraud, electronic funds transfers, and money laundering as it relates to their core violations. Three different divisions assist the Secret Service in accomplishing this investigative mission the Special Agent Division, the Financial Crimes Division, and the Forensic Services Division. Due to my personal interests, I found the Forensic Services Division particularly interesting. Forensic examiners in the Secret Service Forensic Services Division (FSD) provide analysis for questioned documents, fingerprints, false identification, credit cards, and other related forensic science areas. Examiners use both instrumental and chemical analysis when reviewing evidence. FSD also manages the Secret Services polygraph program nationwide. The division coordinates photographic, graphic, video, and audio and image enhancement service, as well as the Voice Identification Program. In addition, FSD is responsible for handling the Forensic Hypnosis Program. Much of the forensic assistance the Secret Service offers is unique technology operated in this country only by FSD. The Secret Service has approximately 5,000 employees, and field offices located throughout the continental U.S.; in Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico; and liaison offices in Paris, France; London, England; Bonn, Germ any; Rome and Milan, Italy; Hong Kong, China; Ottawa, Montreal and Vancouver, Canada; Nicosia, Cyprus; Bogota, Colombia; Manila, Philippines; and Bangkok, Thailand. It has more than 2,100 special agents who are rotated throughout their careers between investigative and permanent protective assignments. Agents assigned to investigative duties in the Services field offices also serve as a source of additional manpower for temporary protective details, such as those for candidates or visiting foreign dignitaries. The Secret Service also has approximately 1,200 officers in the Uniformed Division. Officers of the Uniformed Division carry out their protective responsibilities through special support units (Countersniper, Canine Explosive Detection Team, Emergency Response Team, Crime Scene Search Technicians, Special Operations Section, Magnetometers) and a network of fixed security posts, foot, bicycle, vehicular and motorcycle patrols. Numerous specialists in a wide variety of occupations contribute their expertise to the Secret Services investigative and protective missions. They include security specialists, electronics engineers, communications technicians, research psychologists, computer experts, armorers, intelligence analysts, polygraph examiners, forensic experts, and professionals in many other fields. The United States Secret Service is dramatically different today than it was just three years ago. This is primarily due to the events surrounding September 11, 2001. That morning, there were 4,600 employees of the Secret Service deployed around the world while a special contingent was with President George W. Bush at an elementary school. In a matter of minutes, the Secret Service deployed armed agents into Lafayette Park to clear it and evacuated the Capitol and west wing of the White House. Four planes had been hijacked by terrorists, the World Trade Center was in ashes, the Pentagon had been hit, and the nation knew that it was at war. What kind of war, and how it would involve the Secret Service would remain to be seen. .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d , .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d .postImageUrl , .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d , .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d:hover , .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d:visited , .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d:active { border:0!important; } .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d:active , .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8afc73cd37a2b198158ff2367236d93d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mozart Argumentative EssayOn October 26, 2001, in a crowded White House Press Room, President George W. Bush signed the Patriot Act, a broad-sweeping anti-terrorism bill. The full text of his speech is included on the White House web site, along with a recorded TV version. The President explained in his speech that this bill is an essential step in defeating terrorism, while protecting the constitutional rights of all Americans and giving intelligence and law enforcement officials important new tools to fight a present danger (Bush, 2001, Online). The changes, effective today, will help counter a threat like no other our nation has ever faced. Weve seen the enemy, and the murder of thousands of innocent, unsuspecting people. They recognize no barrier of morality. They have no conscience. The terrorists cannot be reasoned with. . .But one thing is for certain: These terrorists must be pursued, they must be defeated, and they must be brought to justice. . .Since the 11th of September, the men and women of our intelligence and law enforcement agencies have been relentless in their response to new and sudden challenges (Bush, 2001, Online). Less than three days after the attack, the Secret Service held a press conference and the spokesman started out by pointing out that the Treasury Department has a strong personal agenda following the attack, since ATF, Customs, IRS CI and the Secret Service all had facilities at the World Trade Towers that were completely destroyed by Tuesdays terrorist actions (2001, FAS online). The spokesman then explained that in addition to the more traditional law enforcement role, Treasury is committed to fighting terrorism wit h every asset that we have available and then announced that Treasury has established an inter-agency team dedicated to the disruption of terrorist fundraising. The team is designed to increase our ability to identify foreign terrorist groups, assess their sources and methods of fundraising, and provide information that will make clear to law enforcement officials how terrorist funds are moved. This team will ultimately be transformed into a permanent Foreign Terrorist Asset Tracking Center in the Treasury Departments Office of Foreign Asset Control(OFAC). This is an extraordinary effort that really illustrates the Treasury Departments creativity in developing new ways to combat terrorists (2001, FAS Online). And in a very unusual cooperative effort, the Secret Service, the FBI, and the private sector, have joined forces to create a national Cyberthreat Response and Reporting System. The first step was a reporting procedure and guidelines for companies to report violations, and these guidelines were published in the trade journal for CIOs (CIO, 2002). The CIO Cyberthreat Response Reporting Guidelines provide step-by-step information on how businesses should plan and respond to attacks on their information systems, including worms, viruses, hacks and other breaches. The guidelines advise CIOs and business leaders to establish a relationship with law enforcement today, before their next attack happens. The document also provides suggested points of contact, as well as an easy-to-follow report form detailing the initial information law enforcement needs to investigate. Also, the FBI and the United States Secret Service are expanding the ways that they can share federal jurisdiction for investigating and prosecuting cybercrime across state lines. The need for cyber reporting guidelines came to the forefront at a CIO magazine conference in October 2001 when a United States Attorney addressed CIOs on law enforcement post September 11th and the need for businesses to report cybercrime to officials. Discussions are also underway for determining ways in which the Secret Service can work with the INS. As Miller (2001), points out Nearly half a billion foreigners enter the U.S. each year, and the most stringent demand many of them will face is filling out a form asking where theyre headed; the forms are then shipped off to storage, where they probably wont ever be seen again. What the country needs is a high-tech method of tracking foreigners as they enter and leave. Right now, the federal government doesnt even know how many people are in the country with expired visas, let alone who they are or where they live (Miller, 2001, 21). It is safe to surmise that the Secret Service will be greatly involved in determining whos here and why. Some have said that the events of September 11 took the Secret Service by surprise. Indeed, authors such as Steven Emerson have been writing about Islamic terrorists in the United States since the early 1990s. In his troubling book American Jihad, Emerson details how the United States government and the Secret Service are actively monitoring terrorist cells affiliated with Osama bin Ladens al Qaeda network in eleven cities, from Florida to Boston to Denver to Houston. In January 2003, W. Ralph Basham was sworn in as the 21st Director of the United States Secret service. Director Basham was charged with developing a post September 11th strategic plan that could meet the challenges the Secret Service face in their ever expanding mission after being realigned under the Department of Homeland Security. In his strategic plan, Director Basham addresses the Secret Services goals and obje ctives, along with the means and strategies to accomplish them. The Secret Service has three goals the protective strategic goal, the investigative strategic goal, and the support strategic goal (Secret Service, online). The protective strategic goal is to protect the nations leaders, visiting world leaders, and other protectees as well as reduce threats posed by global terrorists and other adversaries. This goal is accomplished through two different objectives. The means and strategies for each of those objectives are as follows:Objective Ensure the physical protection ofprotectees. Means Strategies Maintain a protective intelligence program as a critical component of the risk management process. Identify and investigate groups, individuals, and emerging technologies that may pose a threat to protectees. Formalize the risk management process as a decision-making tool to improve resource allocation decision-making. Continue to develop the National Threat Assessment Center to enhance the risk assessment process. Leverage U.S. intelligence assets to improve early warning of threats posed by adversaries and assessments of their capabilities. Deploy countermeasures that ensure the protection of the President, Vice President, visiting foreign dignitaries, and other protectees. Enhance the ongoing protective review process, including continued review and evaluation of protective details and support staffing guidelines. Continue to assess and enhance security measures at the White House complex and other facilities under our protection. Effectively use locally available resources when appropriate to meet mission requirements. Continue to develop and implement the Emergency Preparedness Program in compliance with statutory and executive mandates. Objective Prevent terrorism directed toward SecretService protectees, protected facilities,citizens and visitors at events ofnational significance. Means StrategiesContinue to refine the process by which we design, plan, and implement security for designated National Special Security Events (NSSEs). Work with external partners to prevent the use of terrorist weapons at Secret Service protected sites and against individuals receiving Secret Serviceprotection. Maximize interagency cooperation among federal, state, and local entities to take advantage of each agencys specific expertise and resources. Expand participation in domestic Joint Terrorism Task Forces by lending greater support in tracing terrorists financial assets and investigating falseidentification cases. Promote field liaison with local law enforcement to assist in preventing targeted violence. Enhance Special Event Staffing and Response Plans to include a rapid response team to gather and analyze investigative information on individuals or groups who have threatened our protectees or designated national security events. Create an intra-departmental group, whose members are detailed to the Secret Service, to enhance the overall counterterrorism effort for National Special Security Events. The investigative strategic goal is to reduce crimes against our nations financial infrastructure, to include currency and financial payment systems. This goal is accomplished through four different objectives. The means and strategies for each of those objectives are as follows:Objective Reduce losses to the public attributableto financial and electronic crimes,counterfeit currency, and identity theftcrimes that are under the jurisdiction ofthe Secret Service. Means StrategiesPrioritize investigative cases, focusing on:#61692;cases with a direct and obvious connection to terrorism (domestic and foreign),#61692;cases within our investigative jurisdiction that pose a threat to our nations critical infrastructure sectors,#61692;cases that are transnational in nature,#61692;cases that have clear national or economic security implications, and#61692;major interstate cases. Expand the Secret Service presence abroad, including international electronic crimes task forces (ECTFs), and use these resources as a linchpin to establishan outer perimeter of protection for the U.S., allowing the prevention, detection, and disruption of potential terrorist and criminal threats, whetherto protectees, critical infrastructure, or financial payment systems. Expand our efforts in combating international counterfeiting activity to ensure worldwide confidence in U.S. currency, in unison with the global progression of dollarization. Objective Prevent attacks against the nationsfinancial services industry andinfrastructure, and other related sectors. Means StrategiesVigorously expand and develop an international network of ECTFs to detect, prevent, and investigate various forms of electronic crimes, includingpotential terrorist attacks against critical infrastructures. Implement physical and cyber security surveys for selected foreign and domestic strategic assets and facilities. To prevent fraud, recommend industry safeguards that are based on identifying and assessing systemic weaknesses. Protect the integrity and reliability of the financial services industry through the use of ECTFs, aggressive investigation, risk assessment, information sharing, and development of safeguards through collaboration with private industry and academia. Objective Enhance partnerships with foreign anddomestic stakeholders to reduce financialcrimes which threaten currency andfinancial systems worldwide. Means StrategiesUse our developing national and international networks of ECTFs to prevent, detect, and investigate various forms of electronic crimes, including potential terrorists attacks against critical infrastructures and financial payment systems. Increase liaison, training, and other services to foreign and domestic financial institutions and law enforcement agencies to combat financial and electronic transnational crimes victimizing U.S. financial institutions, businesses, and consumers. Increase communication and cooperation with members of financial services and reprographics industries, law enforcement agencies and prosecutors, and the information technology sector. Continue to educate members of Congress and their staffs regarding our foreign and domestic investigative mission. Suggest statutory changes tomore effectively investigate and prosecute crimes under our jurisdiction. Promote public awareness of Secret Service investigative programs. Continue to act as a purveyor of best practices and physical/cybersecurity methodologies, and disseminate criminal intelligence information to local, state, federal, and foreign law enforcement agencies and the private sector to increase their efficiency in investigating transnational crime and securing key strategic assets in both the government and private sector. Provide training to local, state, and foreign agencies regarding counterfeit currency, assist these agencies with their sizeable local and state cases, and increase the amount of information concerning counterfeit notes that is available to our law enforcement counterparts. Objective Aggressively support the protectiveoperations of the Secret Service withinvestigative capabilities. Means StrategiesFully implement the Critical Systems Protection Initiative concept at the White House complex and NSSEs, as well as at other critical venues, toaddress cybersecurity issues that have protective implications. .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552 , .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552 .postImageUrl , .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552 , .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552:hover , .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552:visited , .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552:active { border:0!important; } .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552:active , .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552 .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u70e217eadf41bc6f7a67d3b356d2e552:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Circus-Circus Summary EssayAssess physical and cyber security for selected foreign and domestic strategic assets and facilities. Implement a protective advance methodology to identify and address potential adverse effects upon our protective mission, caused by the failure or compromise of information systems, and use Critical Systems Incident Response Teams to respond to threats against those critical systems and networks. Continue to apply computer crime initiatives to protective intelligence cases. The support strategic goal is to provide a responsive support infrastructure to meet the needs of protective and investigative operations. This goal is accomplished through five different objectives. The means and strategies for each of those objectives are as follows:Objective Using sound management practices, recruit,develop, and retain the best-qualified,diverse workforce that is worthy of thepublics trust and confidence. Means StrategiesUse innovative human capital planning techniques to identify the skills needed to perform our mission, target applicants possessing desired skills, and expedite the hiring process without sacrificing quality. Enhance communications among all employees. Identify and reduce or eliminate barriers that inhibit potential growth or impact retention of Secret Service employees. Promote and elevate work expectations and professional conduct. Judiciously review requests for new supervisory positions, taking into consideration sound position management principles and practices. Objective Provide innovative training opportunitiesthat emphasize risk management and thejudgment skills needed to support ourmission. Means StrategiesExpand the training capacity of the James J. Rowley Training Center to provide an academic environment that promotes critical thinking and innovation in the areas of physical, site and event security, threatassessments, antiterrorist intelligence techniques, emergency preparedness, criminal investigations, protection of critical financial infrastructure, andmanagement development. Establish partnerships with academic institutions and professional associations to assess, confirm, and ensure innovative training methodologies. Maximize training opportunities by using emerging technologies, such as modeling, simulation, and distance learning. Develop and implement training programs for state, local, other federal, and foreign law enforcement in the areas of electronic crimes, counterterrorism,counterfeiting, threat assessment, and protective surveys for NSSEs. Objective Utilize science and technology to supportthe protective and investigativeoperations of the Secret Service. Means StrategiesPromote partnerships and representation with interagency technical working groups to include federal, state, private, and academic technicalorganizations, both domestically and internationally. Continue efforts with the reprographics industry to develop and implement a technological solution to the problem of digital counterfeiting. Substantially upgrade the information technology and communications infrastructure and enterprise application systems to enhance our ability to support the Secret Service mission, to improve system reliability, availability, and long-term survivability, and to enhance information security in a digital environment. Further develop and refine our existing database and datamining capabilities to increase our ability to link and develop investigations with other foreign, federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies. Further develop web-based information systems, such as e-library and the counterfeit note search, to enhance information sharing with the bankingindustry and other law enforcement. Develop counterfeit U.S. currency databases to track the amount and movement of known counterfeit notes and their producers, distributors, and financiers. Complete expansion of the Counterfeit Document Database and the Forensic Information System for Handwriting (FISH) to include all 50 states andlocal law enforcement to aid in the effort to identify suspected terrorists. Pursue USSS designation as the host of a national central counterfeit documents laboratory to coordinate and support the investigations conducted by various state and federal agencies, and having central authority over all state and federal identification documents, credentials, and other governmentobligations (counterfeit and genuine). Provide forensic and audio/visual support to a multi-agency consortium of state, local and federal organizations. Make use of 3-D modeling and Simulation Laboratory (SIMLAB) capabilities to enhance future security planning and resource allocation for NSSEs and other protective venues. Expand the Counter-Surveillance Unit database initiative to more rapidly develop investigative leads or patterns indicating possible terrorist surveillance activity or pre-attack planning by a terrorist organization. Explore options for expanding use of the expertise the USSS has developed in the areas of SmartCard/Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). Create a Secret Service Forensic Investigative Response and Support Team (FIRST) comprised of forensic experts in handwriting, ink and paperanalysis, latent print evaluations, video services, photography, polygraph services, audio and video enhancements, and electronic crimes. Objective Implement a business approach in managingresources to improve oversight anddecision-making. Means StrategiesFully integrate the strategic planning, budgeting, and evaluation processes in order to maximize our performance. Implement the business case framework for decisions on all major investments within and across organizational lines to provide the greatest return on investment. Improve/replace financial, human resource, and program performance management systems, aligning key elements, to provide better information for program performance assessments and decision-making. Objective Advance the Secret Services mission byclearly communicating the value the SecretService brings to its partners andstakeholders. Means StrategiesEnsure that efforts to support protective and investigative programs are optimized. Through liaison activities, inform partners and stakeholders as to the substance and value of Secret Service programs and inherent expertise. The U.S. Secret Service Strategic Plan may provide the framework and the direction to meet the challenges of the future, but it is their people their expertise, their commitment, and their character that enables the Secret Service as an organization to achieve the success thatis so vital to our homeland security. The United States Secret Service provides challenging, fast paced, and exciting employment opportunities for interested individuals. Mr. Travis Torco, of the U.S. Secret Service Honolulu Field Office, referred me to their website for further information but informed me that the requirements and conditions for employment are dependent upon the position an individual is interested in. Special Agents must meet the following requirements:U.S. citizenship. Must be at least 21 years of age and younger than 37 at time of appointment. (1) Bachelors degree from an accredited college or university; or (2) three years of work experience in the criminal investigative or law enforcement fields that require knowledge and application of laws relating to criminal violations; or (3) and equivalent combination of education and related experience. According to the Office of Personnel Management regulations, nonqualifying law enforcement experience is as follows: Experience as a uniformed law enforcement officer where the principal duties consisted of investigations and arrests involving traffic violations, minor felonies, misdemeanors, and comparable offenses; or in which the major duties involved guarding and protecting property, preventing crimes, and/or legal research without the application of investigative techniques. Uncorrected vision no worse than 20/60 binocular; correctable to 20/20 in each eye. (NOTE: Lasik, ALK, RK and PRK corrective eye surgeries are acceptable eye surgeries for special agent applicants provided specific visual tests are passed one year after surgery. Applicants who have undergone Lasik surgery may have visual tests three months after the surgery.) Excellent health and physical condition. Must pass the Treasury Enforcement Agent. Complete background investigation to include in-depth interviews, drug screening, medical examination, and polygraph examination. As special agents, demands may include but are not limited to the following:Work long hours in undesirable conditions on short notice Travel away from home for periods ranging from 1 to 30 days or possibly longer Carry a firearm while performing duties and maintain firearms proficiency Carry out assignments in the areas of protection and investigations Relocate to duty stations throughout the U.S. and abroad as organizational needs dictate Initial appointment to the special agent position is in the Exc epted Service. Male applicants born after December 31, 1959, must certify that they have registered with the Selective Service System, or are exempt from having to do so under Selective Service law. Newly appointed special agents receive approximately 11 weeks of intensive training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) in Glynco, Georgia or Artesia, New Mexico. Upon successful completion of training at FLETC, they receive approximately 11 weeks of specialized instruction at the James J. Rowley Training Center in Laurel, Maryland and may be assigned to duty stations anywhere in the United States. Individuals interested in becoming one of the Secret Service Uniformed Division officers are required to meet the following:U.S. citizenship. Must be at least 21 years of age and younger than 37 at time of appointment. High school diploma or equivalent. Excellent health and physical condition. Uncorrected vision no worse than 20/60 binocular; correctable to 20/20 in each eye . (NOTE: Lasik, ALK, RK and PRK corrective eye surgeries are acceptable eye surgeries for Uniformed Division officer applicants provided specific visual tests are passed one year after surgery. Applicants who have undergone Lasik surgery may have visual tests three months after the surgery.) Complete interviews and pass a written test. Complete background investigation to include driving record check, drug screening, medical and polygraph examinations. Positions only available in Washington, D.C.; reasonable moving expenses paid for out-of-area hires. The Unformed Division officer position is designated as a key position in accordance with Department of Defense Directive 1200.7. As such, employees occupying this position will have their military status changed to either Retired Reserve or Standby Reserve, or maybe discharged, as appropriate. As a Uniformed Division officer, demands will be required of applicants, which may include but not be limited to the following:Work long hours in undesirable conditions on short notice Travel frequently Carry a firearm while performing duties and maintain firearms proficiency Initial appointment to the Uniformed Division officer position is in the Excepted Service. Male applicants born after December 31, 1959, must certify that they have registered with the Selective Service System, or are exempt from having to do so under Selective Service law. Newly appointed Uniformed Division officers receive approximately 8 weeks of intensive training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) in Glynco, Georgia or Artesia, New Mexico. Upon successful completion of training at FLETC, they receive approximately 11 weeks of specialized instruction at the James J. Rowley Training Center in Laurel, Maryland and are immediately assigned to a protective post. The United States Secret Service also employs individuals in non-law enforcement fields. Professional, administrative, clerical, and technical positions require applicants to submit to urinalysis screening for illegal drug use prior to appointment. Actual appointment will be contingent upon the receipt of a negative drug test result. All Secret Service positions require top secret security clearance; and some positions require the applicant to take a polygraph examination. Applicants must be a citizen of the United States and posses the required knowledge, skills, and abilities of the respective position. ReferencesBush, G.W. (2001), Patriot Act, Online at http://wwww.whitehouse.govCIO Magazine, FBI And Secret Service Announce New Cyberthreat Reporting Guidelines For Businesses; Guidelines Mark First Standards Authorized by US Federal Law Enforcement (2002, Feb. 12), CIO Magazine,1Emerson, S. (2002), American Jihad: The Terrorists Living Among Us, New York: Simon SchusterMiller, J.J. (2001, Oct. 15), Border Lines What to do about immigration after 9/11: World Trade Center and Pentagon Attacks, National Review, 21Secret Service, online at http://www.ustreas.gov/opc/opc0042.html#usssTimeline, online http://emperors-clothes.com/indict/indict-3.htmTimeline, (2001, Sept. 23), http://www.newsday.com/ny-uspent232380681sep23.storyhttp://www.fas.org/irp/news/2001/09/dot091401.htmlTorco, T. (2004). Personal Interview. 4 November 2004. White House Kids, online http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/kids/inside/html/spring98-2.html

Case Study of Writer Essays

Case Study of Writer Essays Case Study of Writer Essay Case Study of Writer Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Case Study of Writer Introduction The writer of choice is my friend. He is in high school, in his junior year. He is a competent writer with adequate literacy capability where he exhibits average spoken and written language skills. The writer currently hopes to pursue a career in Journalism. It is for this reason that he has been chosen for this study. He is especially interested in investigative journalism. In this regard, he is a member of the writing club and writes articles for the school magazine to improve his skills. The aim of the study is to find out the literacy levels of the writer, strengths and weaknesses this writer has by examining his work. The study if the writer is susceptible to some of the mistakes common with most writers. These include punctuation, spelling, veering off topic among other things. Results The writer’s literacy skills are average. They are average because he has issues with spelling and punctuation making his work at times difficult to follow. However, after sorting through the problems, one of his greatest strengths is his ability to write in a manner that has the readers engrossed in an article while using few words yet being informative at the same time. He hopes to be an investigative journalist in the future and looking at his writing ability, he will be able to achieve this goal. What is intriguing about what he writes is how he perceives the world. His perception toward the world creates a sense of hope in the reader. No matter how grave the situation is, the written piece exudes an element of hope that all is well. However, this may be seen as an impediment to investigative journalism where the writer is expected to be objective in his work. In addition, he still needs to improve on his writing skills with regard to punctuation and use of compound words. Another problem observed was the fact that he was overly critical of his written works. This has made him to hide some of his works believing that they are not of good quality. These issues are common with most writers; however, realizing such issues creates the opportunity for improving. Proofreading was therefore a major problem. For example, the writer would have omission of letters in certain words such as instead of writing â€Å"Thank†, he wrote â€Å"Than†. These omissions could be effectively handled by simply proofreading the work. Problems in punctuation include a sentence such as â€Å"What should they have done.†. In this sentence, the omission of the question mark is a grammatical error. Grammatical errors have the possibility of changing a sentence’s meaning. For example, the sentence â€Å"John, my brother was ill†. While the writer meant to say that his brother John was ill, an omission of a comma changed the meaning of the sentence. The sentence should have read, â€Å"John, my brother, was ill†. Therefore, proofreading is an important tool in skillful writing. The various exchanges that we have had include interactive sessions where a piece of writing is discussed in an attempt to understand the motivations being each work and what the writer means to achieve. These exchanges have also been geared toward finding out the problems with his writing. In this regard, these exchanges aimed at improving his writing skills. Emphasis was put on how to develop a journalistic tone without affecting his ability to appeal to his readers. Again, the aim of these exchanges was to boost his confidence in his articles. It was found that he was afraid he did not write well. This came from the fact that he does not proofread his work. However, by reading his work, he was able to identify his mistakes and improved his writing very well. The problem with being a teacher includes losing concentration during some of the exchanges. This was because it was difficult to help by being a teacher yet maintain a friendship. Detecting writing inadequacies was at times challenging especially since I was expected to help in improving his writing. However, this helped me be reacquainted with language use in speech and writing and this made it possible for me to make the right decisions with regard to what was expected. What was most surprising, was the fat that he was willing to learn from a fellow student believe that it would help since we were pears. Therefore, I learnt that a teacher and student relationship is important since this relationship either enables learning or becomes an impediment to the learning process. As a responder to writing, I learnt that while some may be gifted in the art of writing, it takes hard work and commitment on the part of the writer to be able to produce a memorable piece of writing. Conclusion The writer in the end was able to develop writing skills that would match his ambition of becoming an investigative journalist writing feature articles. The study reveals that good writing skills lie in ones ability to objectively criticize their own work and identify the flaws that could make an article appear better. Proofreading is a major part of this where one is able to identify the problems. However, proofreading may not be very effective unless one understands the rules that apply in the language of writing.

Minimal Pairs Pronunciation Lesson

Minimal Pairs Pronunciation Lesson Minimal pairs are pairs of words that have one phonemic change between them. For example: let and lit. Using these pairs to help students recognize the minor differences between English muted vowel sounds can greatly help not only pronunciation skills, but also comprehension. Aim Improve pronunciation and recognition skills Activity The use of minimal pairs to help students distinguish minor differences between English vowel sounds Level Pre-intermediate to upper-intermediate depending on students capabilities Outline Introduce the idea of minimal pairs by writing a list on the board of a number of minimal pairs. For example: but - boot, sit - set, caught - cut, sing - song, etc.Practice comprehension skills by using the provided lists of minimal pairs. Each list contains one minimal pair with a number of examples.Once students are comfortable with the sounds, read sentence examples (for example: The call took a long time to go through - for the first pair) using one word of the pair provided. Ask students to identify which word of each pair was used.Continue using the list of pairs by asking students to practice the lists.Ask students to identify two vowel sounds which they want to focus on, for example: eh and uh, and have them create their own list of minimal pairs.Have pairs exchange lists and practice reading the others lists aloud.If appropriate, continue lesson by a more extended look into the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet, see IPA Lesson) Back to lessons resource page

Football Attendance Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Football Attendance - Research Proposal Example When it comes to data analysis, the casual design of the research will begin with checking for the accuracy of the obtained primary data from interviews before it can be fed into the computer. The data will then be inferred to describing the important points that where obtained from the interviews to achieve the objectives and the aim of the research. Ethical issues will be emphasised in the researched through referencing of sources of information in the bibliography. The term foot ball is applied differently all over the world in terms of the sport, for example in the US it refers to the sport that involves running and kicking the ball in a competition between two teams in their attempt to score a goal. However, to its generality in the UK and other English speaking nations, foot ball also known as soccer is a sport like any other that involves manoeuvring a ball with ones foot with the aim of making goal. The game is characterised by two competing teams that comprises of eleven players. The players are usually males but with the course of time, it has seen females engage into the game. The players are restricted to a field of play where certain rules that govern the game are employed through its monitoring by a referee. The game usually lasts for ninety minutes with a half time break of fifteen minutes. However, in some instances the game can go beyond ninety minutes in what is referred to as extra time and this is usually influenced by time th at is wasted due to injuries or substitutions during the course of the match that prompts the referee to halt the game for a while. This causes the referee to compensate the wasted time by extending the length of time of the game. Foot ball's origin dates back to the times of the Ancient Greeks and Romans in medieval Europe who are considered to be the inventors of this game that has seen its popularization because of the large numbers of fanatics all over the world. This game was initially associated with peasants of the time who played it as a form of leisure. It was not governed by any rules or guidelines. Many people would engage in the game at the same time making it be referred to at one time as mob football. The game would be played by teams of people against other towns which would see a chaotic game that resembled a struggle. At the time there where no goal scoring posts and would be characterized by an attempt by the players to move the ball to a certain geographical location of their opponents. The game further developed in other regions as indigenous people adopted different versions of the game such as playing it on ice or other surfaces or introducing tools that they would use

Research Methods for Managerial Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Methods for Managerial Decisions - Essay Example Therefore, the observed values would be different for each case, hence the difference in the results. Coming to the problem of optimization, the only variable that is used for estimating the optimal values is known as the coefficient of multiple determinations, which is denoted by R2. According to theory, R2 is used to determine the proportion of the variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the set of independent variables. For the above 2 cases, R2 was found to be 0.546 & 0.570 respectively. This signifies that in the analysis, only 54.6% and 57% of the variation in the revenue can be accounted for by the 3 variables taken into consideration. If indeed one were to make the solution optimal, then it can only be done if the model were to explain the results in terms of the largest variation in the dependent variables along with the use of the fewest number of independent variables. As such, it would be optimal to include all the lagged values in the regression equation (as they are dependent variables), but along with this it would also be necessary to include the normal values (current advertising expenditure as well as the price index). The estimated advertising costs (under normal values) must be excluded, as it is not required. Under this scheme, the R2 turns out to be 0,756, which is the largest obtained among all possible combinations, and hence the most optimal. Under the following scenario, we adopt the Normal distribu

A study of the famous Bob Dylan song Mr.Tamborine Man Essay Example for Free

A study of the famous Bob Dylan song Mr.Tamborine Man Essay Why Mr. Tambourine Man is A Modern Classic The most obvious and popular interpretation of Bob DylansMr. Tambourine Man is that the song is about drugs. This makes sense, as it was against the law to write songs about drugs in the 1960s when Mr. Tambourine Man was composed. The metaphors are simple: Mr. Tambourine Man is the drug-dealer. Take me on a trip upon your magic swirling ship is asking the drug-dealer for the drugs, and then the lyrics go on to describe the physical effects on the body after consuming hallucinogens: My senses have been stripped My hands cant feel to grip My toes too numb to step. . . Another obvious reference to drug-taking comes from the fourth verse, Take me disappearing through the smoke rings of my mind The smoke rings relating literally to drugs being smoked, and the last line of the last verse, also if taken literally, relates to escaping from the realities of life by using drugs: Let me forget about today until tomorrow. However, this interpretation does not explain some of the vivid imagery used throughout the song where it is not easy to draw parallels between drugs and the image, for example, The haunted frightened trees. This phrase could be written about the emotional state of the drug user, and by embuing those emotions onto something else the surreal atmosphere already invoked in the earlier passages is heightened. In the second and third verses there are several lines expressing suprise at feeling fatigued: My weariness amazes me and how the body is also tired: my toes too numb to step. Bob Dylan said himself Drugs never played a part in that song disappearing through the smoke rings of my mind., thats not drugs, drugs were never a big thing with me. This leads me to believe that the song is indeed about something other than drugs. Some analysts have written about the song as an expression of freedom. One clear example of a phrase  that expresses a sense of freedom is, To dance beneath the diamond sky with one hand waving free/ Silhouetted by the sea This image strongly evokes the idea of someone living freely, both literally, dancing a beach, and the connotations that the sea and the sky provide here, of openess and liberty. There are several references to escaping, for example, Im ready to go anywhere, but for the sky there are no fences facing which means that the sky is the limit, just escaping on the run and again Let me forget about today until tomorrow. These lines fit with the freedom theme: escaping to achieve freedom. But forgetting about today until tomorrow seems only a temporary escape, bringing the back the idea about drugs. It has also been suggested that Mr. Tambourine Man is a poem about transcendence, or reaching enlightenment. Some people see Bob Dylan himself as Mr. Tambourine Man, and he does Cast [his] dancing spell through the magical and fantastic imagery of swirling ships and trips into ones own mind. I believe that the song could be about all of these ideas, and the importance of one in particular relating only to the mood of the listener. This is an important reason for stating that Mr. Tambourine Man is a classic: The lyrics provide the possibility to understand the song in different contexts by different listeners. The ideas differ between people, some finding freedom in Dylans song, some feeling like they are under a spell when listening to the light repetitive tune and figurative language. The cleverness of the language is that people can read almost anything into it, the most basic example being Mr. Tambourine Man, who can be seen as anything from a drug-dealer to a religious man to Bob Dylan himself. Another reason that the song has such a hallucinogenic feeling is the structure of the song. The verses are made up of what appears to be many individual concepts put together, like a dream, giving a surreal effect. The reference to Ozymandius and crumbling empires furthers the dream-like quality of the words.

My Play about an Old Persons Home :: Drama

Old Persons home, in this task I will be try to show how explorative strategies are used in a piece of drama. This includes still image, narration, role-play, cross cutting and marking the moment. 5th July 1979 Strange, that it is a Monday I have decided to start a diary. I have always had trouble getting up on Mondays dreading the day ahead. I always wanted just five minutes more after that damned alarm. Of course where I am now they never let me lie in. With their foolish "regulations", I could teach them a thing or two about regulations. It's unbeknownst to me why I'm here, I shouldn't puzzle over it any longer it would boil my brain. 11th July After many days and nights in this establishment I finally saw someone else, like myself is unexplained to as why we are here. Peter, I think he is a little loony haha, he believes we are here because we are a threat to the government, says he knows things that if the Russians got we wouldn't be here for long. Aha I think he's had too many doses of their magic medicine. Course I don't trust that liquid anything that looks like all the colours of the spectrum cannot be good for you. 18th July Today I managed to speak to Peter for a few minutes he wasn't making sense today and was belted in to his wheelchair almost like a restraint which is queer for a one legged man. He was talking about Churchill and Hitler and WW two, I couldn't hear any full sentences, and he trailed off when that trunch-bull of a nurse came to take him back to his room. He did get me thinking about my experiences in the war. A chill runs down my spine every time I think about that time at Wolf Castle. The village around it still is a ghost town as far as I'm concerned and I do not wish to think about it anymore. Till the day I die. 1st August It seems me and peter almost served together at Wolf Castle. He would have reached it and we would have met forty years ago if it wasn't for that minefield. That's how he lost his leg you see; although unfortunately he does know about the atrocities that happened there. Least he didn't see them first hand. 3rd August Peter was talking about Castle again. I tried to explain to him I didn't want to hear but you know peter always babbling on about past times. He knew my Captain. This room is far too white for my old eyes; all I can see is white, I

Berlin Crisis of 1961 from Perspective of Realism Theory Essay

Berlin Crisis of 1961 was the most dangerous moment of the Cold War. This conflict was mainly about the occupational status of Berlin. Berlin Crisis initially emerged in 1958 by the provocation of the Soviet Union. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev threatened to conclude a separate peace treaty with East Germany unless the western powers recognized the Germany Democratic Republic (GDR) (I. W. Trauschweizer, 2006). However, the escalation of tensions began after the Vienna Summit in June 1961, where the USSR again raised the issue of ultimatum, which gave the United States six months for the withdrawal of Western armed forces from West Berlin. Berlin Crisis was not the only crisis during Cold War. Through the whole history of humanity there has always been a question why do wars and conflicts occur? In order to give an answer to this question we should explain some factors which made the war to occur. Crisis and especially Berlin Crisis can be understood from several perspectives, but in this paper it will be explained from realism theory perspective. As a famous representative of realism theory, Waltz asked himself the question why do wars occur? Waltz’s question is as old as war itself, possibly because â€Å"to explain how peace can be more readily achieved requires an understanding of the causes of war† (Waltz, 1959: 2). By the time Waltz posed this question, many answers to it already existed. These answers fell into three categories (or as IR theorists came to define them, were found at the three â€Å"levels of analysis† or in the â€Å"three images†). These three categories/levels/images are: the individual, the state, and the state system† (C.  Weber, 2009, p. 17). These main causes of conflict will be represented in detail in the main body of the paper by the example of Berlin Crisis. Although Waltz’s three categories of the causes of war explained many processes in the Berlin Crisis, there are also important points in the theory of realism, which typically explain Berlin Crisis, one of those points is the issue of bipolarity or multipolarity of the world. Morgenthau, an American academic and journalistic writer, in contrast to Waltz saw the stable world in multipolar rather than in a bipolar system. From his perspective bipolarity was dangerous for the world’s stability, because as we will see next, Berlin Crisis was the result of bipolar system, where two great powers tried to dominate the others, by increasing their power and authority. As Waltz said, each great power sought to survive. Thus, realism theory explained Berlin Crisis from many points of view. In order to better understand Berlin Crisis of 1961 from realism theory perspective, I will present the main points of realism theory. After, I will give a short historical background of Berlin Crisis and to summarize all these, I will illustrate how well realism theory explained the Berlin Crisis. The Realism Theory The most dominant theory throughout the Cold War was realism. Realism had a negative viewpoint concerning to abolishment of conflict and war. It described international relations as a struggle for power. The domination of realism during the Cold War was due to the fact that it gave simple but powerful explanation for war, alliances, imperialism, obstacles to cooperation, and other international phenomena, and of course, the competition was mainly related with the features of the American-Soviet rivalry (S. M. Walt, 1998). However the realist thought developed during the Cold War. †Classical† realists such as Hans Morgenthau considered that states, as human beings, had a wish to dominate others, which brings about a war. Giving advantage to multipolarity, Morgenthau considered that the bipolar rivalry between United States and the Soviet Union was very dangerous (S. M. Walt, 1998). â€Å"In contrast to â€Å"classical† realism, the â€Å"neorealist† theory, advanced by Kenneth Waltz, ignored human nature and focused on the effects of the international system (S. M. Walt, 1998, p. 31)†. He claimed that international system included great powers, which were seeking to stay alive. In contrast to Morgenthau, Waltz considered bipolar system more stable than multipolarity. When there are more than two poles, things get trickier. Balances are harder to strike and therefore risks increase, which brought about the wars (C. Weber, 2009). One of the most important features of realism is a theory of offence-defense. It was developed by Robert Jervis, George Quester and Stephen Van Evera. â€Å"When defense had the advantage and states could distinguish between offensive and defensive weapons, then states could acquire the means to defend themselves, without threatening others† (S. M. Walt, 1998, p. 31). â€Å"Defensive† realists thought that all states were seeking to survive and in this case, by creating alliances and adopting self-protective military position, great owers could solve their security problems. And as an example, Waltz and other neo-realists thought that the United States was protected and secured during the Cold War. Realists and neo-realists agreed that the prime aim of states was to survive and the increase of their power is the only way to guarantee their survival, because states with less power might fear of those with more power and therefore the possibility to attack them was the minimum. Besides, realists and neo-realists agreed that there was no possibility to get out from international anarchy. However there was one thing they disagree about: the issue of human nature. For example, Morgenthau argued that the nature of a man (and he meant the gender exclusive term â€Å"man†; see Tickner, 1992: Chapter 2) was defective and international politics would remain anarchical and conflictual because of the nature of man. Neorealists, of whom Kenneth Waltz was the first, disagreed with this consideration. â€Å"They argue that instead of looking to â€Å"natural† causes of conflict, we need to look to â€Å"social† ones (C. Weber, 2009, p. 16). ’ Waltz thought that the organization of social relations and not the nature of man determined there was a war or not, because states go to war as they are in a bad social organization. So, for realists, international anarchy was just the environment in which sovereign nation-states acted. For neo-realists, international anarchy described the social relations among sovereign nation-states, which explained why wars arise. By the end of the Cold War, realism had moved away from Morgenthau’s gloomy human nature and was taken on a little more positive stage (S.  M. Walt, 1998). Historical Background of Berlin Crisis After World War II Germany was divided– first into four sectors, with American, British, French and Soviet, and then into two, as the three Western sectors coalesced to form the new Federal Republic of Germany, leaving the Soviet sector to turn into the German Democratic Republic (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002). And during this period Germany had two major cresses, but the 1961 Berlin crisis was generally perceived to be more dramatic and dangerous than its 1958 predecessor. The Kennedy Administration was more inclined than its predecessor to consider East–West disagreement over the Berlin crisis. President Kennedy gave a speech to the nation about preparing for war and began a $3. 4 billion military build-up in the summer of 1961. Both the US and the Soviet forces had a dramatic confrontation at a military checkpoint in Berlin. â€Å"Initially, The Berlin Crisis began in 1958, when Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev threatened to conclude a separate peace treaty with East Germany unless the western powers recognized the Germany Democratic Republic (GDR) † (I.  W. Trauschweizer, 2006, 206). However, the main crisis heated through 1961. It escalated at the Vienna summit between Khrushchev and Kennedy in June 1961, when Khrushchev again raised issue of his ultimatum. Kennedy left Vienna shaken and expected the worst from the Soviet leader. He decided to increase the personal strength of US armed forces in Europe. However, the first step of aggression did the Soviet Union. On 13 August, East German police units closed the border between the Soviet sector and the three western sectors of Berlin. The construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961 was one of the defining moments of the Cold War, and heightened the sense of tension. It was the moment when the crisis was stabilized. Even as it became increasingly apparent that Berlin was unlikely to provide a hot war, it provided the Cold War with its most conspicuous symbol, a regular stop for any visit to the city, a chance to stand and look over into a grey east and compare it with the wealth behind (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002). The division of Berlin and building a wall was a shock for the Kennedy administration. Most of the United States government officials were expecting that the crisis would revolve, but there were some in the administration who thought that the East German government would take measures to stop the flow of refugees from East Germany, and they believed that the border closing might reduce tensions rather than lead to escalation. In order to enforce his influence in Western part of Berlin Kennedy decided to appoint Clay, who was a chairman of the Continental Can Company in New York, as his Special Representative in Berlin with the rank of Ambassador. Kennedy considered sending Clay to Berlin for the duration of the crisis in order to boost morale in the city, but also to create conditions that would persuade Soviet leaders to join in serious negotiations (I. W. Trauschweizer, 2006). The stand-off of Soviet and American tanks in the heart of Berlin in October 1961, constituted the most dangerous moment of the Cold War in Europe and it was one of the last major politico-military incidents of Cold War. As per standing orders, both groups of tanks were loaded with live munitions. The lert levels of the US Garrison in West Berlin, then NATO and finally the US Strategic Air Command were raised and both groups of tanks had orders to fire if fired upon. Clay was convinced that using US tanks as bulldozer to knock down parts of the Wall would have ended the Crisis to the greater advantage of the US and its allies without drawing out a Soviet military response. His views, and corresponding evidence that the Soviets may have backed down following this action, supported a more critical assessment of Kennedy’s decisions during the crisis and his willingness to accept the Wall- as the best solution. After, Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to reduce tensions by withdrawing the tanks. One by one the tanks withdrew and Clay returned to the United States in May 1962. Anyway, there was no doubt that the Berlin Crisis and in general, the Cold War was really over when the Wall came down in November 1989. Berlin Crisis from Realism Theory Perspective As the most dominate theory during the Cold War was the realism we easily can view Berlin crisis from the perspective of this theory, because Berlin crisis was one of the major conflicts during the Cold War. Realism explained many processes of Berlin Crisis, but there were some miscalculations concerning to it. All about these will be represented in this part of the paper. The main competition in the world realism theory saw between the United States and the Soviet Union. Realists claimed that bipolar system of world was very dangerous and gave an advantage to multipolarity. Thus, the bipolar system was very typical during Berlin Crisis, but from the neorealism perspective the bipolar world was more stable. Here neorealists had a miscalculation, because during Berlin Crisis bipolarity dominated in the world and history shows that tensions were more escalated than ever. Thus, from this point of view realists’ thoughts more corresponded to reality, than that of the neorealists. From the perspective of realism theory states must have power in order to survive. United States and Soviet Union tried to do so by strengthening the power in Europe. According to Morgenthau human beings sought to get power and to dominate others. The Berlin Crisis was good example for this idea. Both the United States and the Soviet Union were doing everything to get more power in Europe and to dominate each other. After Vienna’s summit, tensions came obvious and the first reaction of both great powers was how not to lose power over Berlin. The result was the Berlin conflict. The building of Berlin wall can be described by the wish of great powers to survive in this situation and the increase of power was the main guarantee for survival. From the perspective of realism theory fear also made these two great powers to dominate in Berlin. Both the United States and the Soviet Union took actions from fear of losing a power. After Vienna summit Kennedy was shocked and expected everything from Soviet Union. And the fear of not losing a power made Kennedy to turn to drastic actions by increasing the power over Berlin. Berlin Crisis was a result of using force. Here is the good example of Acheson’s report â€Å"The Soviets would provoke a crisis in Berlin to take advantage of US conventional force inadequacies and humiliate the new Administration† (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002, p. 31). In the Realism theory there was another important element of aggression during the Cold War. This kind of behavior we can see from the United State’s side. National Security Adviser Mc. George Bundy endorsed the Acheson report, urging the president that â€Å"Berlin is no place for compromise and our general friendliness and eagerness for improvement on many other points really requires strength here in order to be rightly understood† (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002, p. 31). The aggressive tone of the Acheson approach and its support in the Administration contrasted with the political compromises President Kennedy wanted to be in Berlin, but Khrushchev’s belligerent behavior at the Vienna summit convinced the president of the Acheson argument. However, whatever the positions of both sides were â€Å"The Berlin crises of 1958 and 1961 suggested that the range of political choice was defined less by military capabilities than by the nature of the political conflict that gave rise to the use of force and by the willingness of adversaries to accept risk in order to achieve their political goals† (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002, p. 38). However why did this crisis occur? Waltz asked himself a question like this one: why do wars occur in general? The answers to this question fell into three categories: the individual, the state, and the state system. Waltz argued that the major causes of war could be found at each of these categories and none of them alone could explain why wars do or do not occur. He came to this conclusion by beginning to look at the first category- a man. From the first category Waltz explained the war like this â€Å"the locus of the important causes of war is found in the nature and behavior of man. War results from selfishness, from misdirected aggressive impulses, from stupidity†¦ If these are the primary causes of war, then the elimination of war must come through uplifting and enlightening men or securing their psychic-social readjustment† (Waltz, 1959: 16). This idea is common with the behavior of Kennedy and Khrushchev during Berlin Crisis. In the basis of this conflict a nature and behavior of both Kennedy and Khrushchev can be found. They both had an aggressive behavior. Explanation of war of â€Å"men behaving badly† is very typical for Khrushchev, when in June 1961 Khrushchev again raised the issue of his ultimatum, which claimed an immediate withdrawal of US armed forces from Berlin. â€Å"Man behaves badly because he is bad by nature. He acts unreasonably or he prioritizes selfish goals over communitarian goals, and this is why conflicts and wars occur† (C. Weber, 2009, p. 17). As we already know for Waltz man alone cannot causes wars. He thought that man’s nature was too complex to be the direct and main cause for war. For the Berlin Crisis we can conclude the same. Even the great players of this crisis were the United States and the Soviet Union leading with Kennedy and Khrushchev, only their nature and behavior were not enough to incite conflict. Thus, we can look to social and political institutions to complete our understanding of why wars occur and especially why Berlin crisis occurred. Waltz asked whether the occurrence of wars could be explained by the internal organization of states and societies. Second category theorists argued that there are good and bad states, because of their formal governmental arrangements: for example, democratic vs. autocratic or their less formal social arrangements, who owned the means of production. Second image theories claimed that bad actors (this time states) make war, and good actors preserve the peace. However, there is no common answer which is a bad one and which is good, because some suggested good states would be democratic, others say they should be monarchical, others still say socialist. Waltz suggested, even if second image theorists could agree on what a good state was, there was still no guarantee that a world of â€Å"good states† would be a peaceful world. From this viewpoint realism theory could not explain which kind of state was good or bad, and we cannot say the democratic America or the socialist Soviet Union were the causes of the risis. Waltz concluded that this level of analyses was incomplete. For the third category he gave linkages between anarchy, state actions and conflict. â€Å"In anarchy there is no automatic harmony†¦ A state will use force to attain its goals if, after assessing the prospects for success, it values those goals more than it values the pleasures of peace. Because each state is the final judge of its own cause, any state may at any time use force to implement its policies. Because any state may at any time use force, all states must constantly be ready either to counter force with force or to pay the cost of weakness (Waltz, 1959: 160)† (C. Weber, 2009, p. 18). Waltz called bad social organization international anarchy. International anarchy is the permissive cause of war† (C, Weber, 2009, p. 16). From this viewpoint realism described the social organization of states and the cause why crisis started. Taking into account the ideas of Waltz, that in the world there was international anarchy, we can say that Berlin crisis was the result of it. These can bring about the idea that both United States and Soviet Union were in bad social organization. Waltz concluded that wars occur, because there is nothing to prevent it. So, for Waltz, international anarchy explained both why wars may occur and why there are limits on cooperation among states in the international system. Waltz argued that only international anarchy has the power to explain why wars may occur, if individuals and states have nothing to fear from one another, then they have no cause to fight with one another. This idea can be linked with the fear of Kennedy, when he left Vienna. He was expecting anything from the Soviet Union and the fear made him to strength the military personal of US armed forces in Berlin. He wanted to survive by maximizing power. Waltz believed that we need to look at â€Å"social† causes of conflict rather than on â€Å"natural†. He explained that good men behave badly in bad social organizations, and bad men can be stopped from behaving badly if they are in good social organizations. States go to war, then, because they are in a bad social organization. From the realism perspective the United States also had bad social organization, because the Kennedy Administration did not understand the 1961 crisis in these political terms. They viewed Soviet pressure on Berlin as a military challenge to declining US superiority, and concentrated their efforts on military responses. The Administration began a series of defense improvements and public commentary that exacerbated the instability of the East German regime and raised US–Soviet tensions. They abandoned this confrontational approach in August of 1961 when the Berlin Wall was constructed, opting instead to reduce US–Soviet tensions by supporting the long-term division of Germany (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002). â€Å"While it is questionable whether the Kennedy Administration, new to office and without Eisenhower’s war fighting credibility, could have succeeded with the Eisenhower approach to Berlin, the stridency with which the Kennedy Administration approached the crisis exacerbated the problem, both with the Soviet Union and among the Western allies. The US failure to follow through on its hard-line approach when the Berlin Wall was built raised serious questions about the practicality of the Kennedy Administration’s new military strategy and the reliability of the US for its European allies† (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002, p. 22). As we can see the main purpose of this conflict was to get power. Morgenthau said that â€Å"The struggle for power is universal in time and space† (Morgenthau 1948: 17) (J. Donnelly, 2004, p. 10). Waltz also shared an opinion concerning to power â€Å"The daily presence of force and recurrent reliance on it mark the affairs of nations† (Waltz 1979: 186) (J.  Donnelly, 2004, p. 10). Structural realists give predominant emphasis to international anarchy. For example, John Herz argued that international anarchy assures the centrality of the struggle for power â€Å"even in the absence of aggression or similar factors† (Herz 1976: 10; compare Waltz 1979: 62–63) (J. Donnelly, 2004, p. 10). The Berlin Crisis was vivied example of sharing the the power between two great powers and the thought of Waltz that states need a power in order to survive is very typical for Berlin Crisis. Conclusion To summarize all above mentioned I would like to say that the realism theory, which was the dominant one during the Cold War, explained many processes of Berlin Crisis. In general it gave important answers about Berlin Crisis. Realism emphasized the constraints on politics imposed by human nature and the absence of international government. Together, they make international relations largely a realm of power and interest (J. Donnelly, 2004, p. 9). All realists emphasize the egoistic passions and self-interest in politics. The realists put emphasis on power and claimed that states need the power in order to survive. In case of Berlin Crisis, United States and Soviet Union maximized their power in order to get a dominant role in Europe. At the same time fear also made them to turn to radical actions. Especially United States increased the US armed forces in Berlin. So the combination of the wish to have more power and a fear to lose a power can be viewed as the causes of conflict. From the realism theory perspective there were also elements of aggression through Cold War, especially during Berlin Crisis. The aggression can be found in both United State’s and Soviet Union’s actions. However, the main reasons why this conflict occurred were described by Waltz. He represented the conflict by three categories. For him the three categories combined can made war to occur, but in general the first and the second categories can explain the Berlin Crisis. The third one, even cannot distinguish which is good state and which one is bad: in the case of Berlin Crisis we cannot say United States was good and Soviet union was bad or vice versa. Anyway, Waltz argued that good men behave badly in bad social organizations, and bad men can be stopped from behaving badly if they are in good social organizations. States go to war, then, because they are in a bad social organization (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002). The only thing Waltz had miscalculation about was the multipolar system, because he saw the stabile world within the framework of bipolar system, but in reality, during Berlin Crisis bipolar world was very dangerous. We can conclude that realism theory managed to explain the Berlin Crisis from many points of view. There were some issues during Berlin Crisis, which realism theory could not cover, but the main aspects of it can be easily described from the realism theory perspective. To summarize the thoughts of major thinkers of realism and neorealism theory, which characteristically explained the Berlin Crisis, we can say that for Waltz the state’s interest provides the spring of action and the necessities of policy arise from the unregulated competition of states and calculation based on these necessities can discover the policies that will best serve a state’s interests. For Morgenthau, politics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature and the main mark that helps political realism to find its way through the landscape of international politics is the concept of interest defined in terms of power. Thus, power and interest are variable in content (J. Donnelly, 2004).