The Effect of Clinical Simulation on Student Self Efficacy in Learning Research Paper

The Effect of Clinical Simulation on Student Self Efficacy in Learning at NSU - Research Paper Example Health care profession demands high standards of work ethics and faultlessness. Therefore, if these standards are not met self confidence tends to deteriorate. In such conditions, one tends to feed anxiety because failure is anticipated, which undermines one’s self-efficacy (Watt & Stewart, 2008). Examining the social learning theory proves to be valuable in discussing the effect of clinical simulation on self efficacy of students. According to the social learning theory, self efficacy refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task, in terms of organizational behavior; the higher the self efficacy, the more confidence one has in one’s capacity to perform a duty (Robbins, 2010). To explain the importance of clinical simulation, one needs to collect data regarding the incorporation of this method in teaching curriculum. Focusing on this point, clinical simulation has become an essential part of learning; state boards of nursing approve spe cific substitutions count between 10% and 25% of simulation time as clinical experience (Gaberson, Gaberson & Oermann, 2010). Nevertheless, complete comprehensive data and the performance of students need to be collected for complete analysis of the effects of clinical simulation. This study targets the students or health care professionals currently training in programs which include dealing with clinical simulation. It will give an in depth insight about the effects of clinical simulation on the future medical practice of students. Simulation is a goal-directed experimentation with dynamic models, which has time-varying characteristics and can be mathematical, symbolic or physical (Sokolowski & Banks, 2009).... This essay approves that the following exposition revolves around the basic idea, advantages, disadvantages and its probable effects on self efficacy of students and professionals of one of the methods widely used in practical learning; Simulation. For decades, research on the ways to make teaching methods more effective has been carried out around the world. Whether it be health, sports, law, politics or any other profession, incorporation of practical work is now essential in educating students belonging to diverse professions. The purpose of this study is to closely evaluate the pros and cons of clinical stimulation and all the possible ways in which one can affect the students under medical training. In depth to the whole idea of clinical simulation, emphasis is based on the self-efficacy of the medical professionals trained through clinical simulation and whether this routine has a positive or negative effect on it. Furthermore, we explore whether using artificial means of clinical education, in contrast to an actual interaction with a patient, can successfully prepare students for challenging medical emergencies they shall encounter in professional careers. This report makes a conclusion that health care simulation is therefore, a very effective way of preparing medical professionals for their medical practice on real-life patients and serious practical problems, since students can practice skills in a simulation laboratory without the constraint of a real-life situation. Since medical simulation gives an opportunity to experience a diverse range of situations, it helps enable medical professionals to deal with sudden unfamiliar complicated situations arising in real-life.

Economics Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economics Assignment 2 - Essay Example One cannot ignore the importance of alleviation of income inequality to achieve long term economic growth. The standard of living of a country is often measured by the per capita GDP. It will not be wise to think GDP per capita to be the measure of personal income. If the economic theories are taken into account, then per capita GDP will be same as per capita GDI (Gross Domestic Income). The goods as well as the services produced in a certain country and brought to the market have some price. Some experts regard GDP as the price of the total output. The GDP can be calculated in the following ways. Cumulative figure of all income within an economy or the total spending made by all the participating agents within the same economy is referred to as GDP. Both the spending and the income will roughly be the same. It should be kept in king that Gross Domestic product and Gross National product is not the same thing. The market value of the goods as well as services produced within a partic ular time period by the residents of a particular country is regarded as the GNP. It allocates the production based on the ownership. Three approaches can be used in order to determine the GDP. They are- the income approach, the product approach and the expenditure approach. The product also called as the output approach sums the total produced within the economy in order to attain the value of GDP. The expenditure approach assumes that the products produced must be bought by someone and so the total value of the product must be matched by the total expenditure of the people in purchasing things (Wesselink, Bakkes, Best, Hinterberger, and Brink, 2007). The last approach takes into consideration that the value of the products must be equal to the incomes of the factors of production. It determines the value of GDP by calculating the sum of the income of the producers. Inflation rate: Inflation is defined as the continuous or sustained rise in the general level of price. It can also b e defined as continuous reduction in the value of money. The movement in the general price level is referred to as inflation. The rise in the price level must continue over longer period than a day, week or a month (Makinen, 2003, p. 2). Some of the factors that lead to inflation are rise in the costs of imported materials, the costs of labour to rise and the high rate of indirect tax from the part of the government. In cases where the rise in the general price level is caused by increase in the level of wages as well as raw materials are regarded as cost push inflation. With rises in the costs of production the firms tend to raise the prices of the products so that they can gain the same amount of profits. This is a situation of cost push inflation. The cost push inflation is frequent when the level of employment is on the downward sloping curve. If left uncontrolled inflation will move from the initial stage towards the stage that can be harmful. Therefore it is necessary to contr ol inflation before it gains strength. An inflation of stronger intensity is much difficult to control than the mild one. It should be kept in mind that that it is not possible to control hyperinflation. The changes in the price level of goods and services purchased by the households are measured by Consumer Price Index (CPI). The CPI can be calculated as the ratio of updated cost and price of the base period multiplied by 100. Unemployment rate: Unemployment takes place when people are short of jobs but are actively looking for

Custom Made Finger Prosthesis Study

Custom Made Finger Prosthesis Study ABSTRACT: AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Maxillofacial Prosthodontics is an art and science which provides life-like appearance to the missing structures of an individual. The complete or partial loss of a finger results in significant functional deficiencies. In addition to immediate loss of grasp, strength and security, the absence of a finger may cause marked psychological trauma. CASE DESCRIPTION A case report has been presented where a custom made finger prosthesis; comfortable in use and esthetically acceptable to the patient was fabricated; using silicone material. CONCLUSION The retention for this patient was obtained by reducing the stump and using a ring of suitable size. Introduction: Finger and partial-finger amputations are some of the most frequently encountered forms of partial-hand losses.1 Although the most common causes of these amputations are traumatic injuries, congenital absences or malformations may present similar clinical challenges.2 Prosthesis refers to artificial replacement of an absent part of the human body. These artificial substitutes serve primarily to improve the patient’s appearance and to support them psychologically. They play an immense role in making the patient more socially acceptable.3 Reconstructive surgery cannot restore esthetics as much as prosthesis can and thus has limited role in case of lost body parts. The major role in rehabilitating the patient is thus played by the maxillofacial prosthodontist and the anaplastologist. The ideally constructed finger prosthesis must meet the following preconditions: the prosthesis must assist in grip and absorbing and transferring forces to the hand; the prosthesis should look natural, allowing expression of gestures.4,5 This article presents a case of rehabilitation of a finger defect with a silicone prosthesis and describes a method of retention for the same. CLINICAL REPORT: A 22-year-old female patient reported to the Department of Prosthodontics, with a chief complaint of a partially missing index finger on her right hand. A complete hand examination was carried out that revealed a residual stump on the index finger of the right hand measuring 1.5 cm in height. A solitary healed wound/scar was seen on the base of the residual stump. The surrounding area appeared to be normal with no signs of any infection or inflammation. Informed consent was obtained before beginning the treatment procedure. Making Impressions The index finger of the patient’s left and right hand were lubricated with a thin layer of petroleum jelly, to prevent the hydrocolloid impression material from adhering to it. Impressions of the stump and of the index finger of the contralateral hand which correspond to the lost digit were taken using irreversible hydrocolloid. A plastic disposable cup of sufficient length and diameter was chosen to confine the impression material. The containers were tried on the patient’s fingers to provide adequate clearance of at least 5 mm around for the impression material. Regular setting alginate was mixed using cold water to increase the working time and poured into the containers. The patient was asked to dip her finger and stump vertically into the container without touching the sides or the bottom of the container. Both the impressions were made with the digits in the semiflexed and relaxed position. The material was allowed to set and the fingers were removed quickly in a jerking motion after the material was set. The impression of the stump was poured in Type-III dental stone. The impression of the middle finger was poured with molten modeling wax. Upon cooling, the wax pattern was retrieved from alginate mold by partially incising the alginate mold with sharp instrument. The wax pattern was then adjusted by sculpting and adapted on the working cast. Approximate length and angulations were determined on working cast and later confirmed during trial of wax pattern. The wax pattern was tried on the patients affected right hand little finger. Necessary adjustments regarding the length, contour and angulations of the finger were done at this stage of prosthetic fabrication. Stump preparation A reduction of 1-1.5 mm was done on the stone casts to produce prosthesis with a smaller diameter which can be stretched over the stump to provide retention. The pattern and the cast were then invested in a large size Hanau flask. The mold was first poured only upto half of the pattern. Tin foil substitute was applied and then the other half was poured, wax was eliminated in the conventional way. Color matching and incorporation of nail The most critical step was to match the color of the prostheses to the patient’s skin color. The basic skin color was observed. The colors were mixed with the silicone to obtain the base color. Maximum efforts were made to achieve the appropriate characterization for the palmer and dorsal surfaces of the prostheses. The shade matching was done using natural daylight. Artificial nail was properly shaped and trimmed to the required size. Around 1 mm of nail bed was carved in the wax pattern and the nail was incorporated in that space. The mould created by the elimination of the wax was packed with silicone rubber. The material was allowed to bench cure overnight and for the final polymerization, it was placed in hot water, for one hour, at 45 degrees Celsius. Once the final prosthesis was retrieved, the flash was trimmed using a sharp blade and the final finishing was accomplished using fine sand paper. The retention for this patient was by using a ring of suitable size. DISCUSSION: Individuals who desire finger replacement usually have high expectations for the appearance of the prosthesis.6 The polyvinyl chloride material generally used is easily and permanently stained by such common materials as ballpoint pen and newspaper ink and has not proven durable enough for active use. The acceptance rate has been much higher when individually sculpted custom restoration using silicone elastomer is provided.7 The overall durability and stain resistance of silicone is far superior to any other material currently available for finger restorations. Almost all stains can be removed easily with water and soap.8 Silicone finger restorations may have additional functional benefits. Many traumatic amputees experience painful hypersensitivity at the termination of finger remnants. The gentle, constant pressure of an elastomer prosthesis can help desensitize and protect the injured tip. Over time, scar tissue contained within a silicone prosthesis seems to become more pliant an d comfortable. Recent literature speculates that silicone gel improves the hydration of the stratum corneum of immature hypertrophic scars. Placing a decorative ring over the margin of a finger prosthesis ending at the metacarpal-phalangeal joint will make the changing color of the hand less noticeable although the distal joint functions will be slightly restricted. Conclusion The custom-made finger prosthesis is esthetically acceptable and comfortable for use in patients with amputated fingers, resulting in psychological improvement and personality. An esthetic and retentive prosthesis are the primary determinant factors in the successful prosthetic restoration of a finger. The retention for this patient was obtained by reducing the stump and using a ring of suitable size.

Essay --

Popular culture can be defined as the general accepted culture in society. Anyone can learn about what is the generally accepted culture in America because it’s usually advertised in music, books, fashion, literature, schools and the mass media to name a few. In the book images of color, images of crime, chapter 1 shows how Indians have been negatively affected by popular culture throughout the years. However, I would say that many races have been affected by popular culture to the point in which the identity and the heritage of different culture is rapidly disappearing. Throughout my life, I have seen how African American have been portrayed by popular culture as a race of people in which it is acceptable for one to be ignorant, loud, conceded, and flamboyant. As a matter of fact, if one does not act in this manner, that person would be considered to be acting white. To uphold a certain image and to not be categorized as a White person, I have seen people purposely behave in a manner to portray trends advertised by the commonly accepted culture in our society. I have also seen how...

How does Shakespeare use language, structure and dramatic devices in Macbeth? Essay

How does Shakespeare use language structure and dramatic devices to create tension in the play? Shakespeare uses language, structure and dramatic devices to great effect to create and uphold the dramatic atmosphere throughout both scenes. These two scenes in particular are significant due to the fact that they show the characteristics of Macbeth change from a battle-hardened, honourable and combat-decorated warrior to an emotionally unstable, cowardly individual who is susceptible to other peoples’ coercive measures, namely his wife; Lady Macbeth. Macbeth seemingly talks to himself to portray the conflict currently raging away in his mind as whether to assassinate the King or not and reasons for and against such an action. The soliloquy is particularly effective in this manner due to its generic function being to create a better understanding of the thoughts within the subjects head, in this instance; the reluctance of Macbeth to kill Duncan and his reasons for such opinions. A soliloquy also creates a better audience-character bond and increases the emotional attachment felt by the audience for the character. In the soliloquy we are given several reasons as to why Macbeth is averse to committing regicide; one being his blood-relation with the King and his position as the King’s subject: â€Å"First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, Strong both against the deed†, he himself clarifying the two relations to be â€Å"strong† reasons against the potential act. Another is his description of such an act metaphorically as digging one’s own grave: â€Å"Commends the ingredients of our poison’d chalice To our own lips† foreseeing the potential consequences of his actions as being potentially fatal. Another justification to affirm his position is his description of King Duncan as a humble and efficient ruler: â€Å"Duncan Has very humble in the use of his power has been So confident in his great duty that his virtues Will pray like angels†. Effectively informing the audience that nothing can be gained from his usurping of power other than an increase in Macbeth’s own power. Lady Macbeth uses aggressive and manipulative language when conversing with Macbeth; this is maintained throughout both scenes to conserve her domineering feature over Macbeth and also uphold her large influential impact on him over making important decisions. The most important extract which clearly proves this point is arguably the defining moment of her character and we begin to see her as a fully-formed 3-dimensional and begin to see her â€Å"true colours†: â€Å"How tender ’tis to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, have pluck’d my nipple from his boneless gums and dash’d the brains out, had I so sworn as you Have done to this.† She is explicitly confronting him for his apparent cowardice due to his hesitant approach to the assassination by telling him that if she promised she would kill their baby (as a hypothesis) she would â€Å"dash his brains out† without reluctance ; using guilt as a means to persuade. This shows, more than ever, the vicious and violent side to Lady Macbeth as opposed to the unsure and hesitant Macbeth. Macbeth concedes to this powerful statement by asking a weak and meaningless question showing the audience that he has already succumbed to her will: â€Å"If we should fail?† This is answered by a rhetorical question: â€Å"We fail?† and again implying his cowardice by asking him to dig deep for his courage and they will not fail: â€Å"But screw your courage to the sticking-place and we’ll not fail.† And then goes on to tell Macbeth of her plan to assassinate the King by offering the King’s guards wine and eventually their memory â€Å"will be a wisp of smoke†, â€Å"Anything we can’t put off on His officers who are like sponges† and them taking the blame for their â€Å"great quell†. Lady Macbeth also puts his love for her into question as a means to coerce him into carrying out her demands: â€Å"From this time Such I account thy love. Art thou afeard To be the same in thine own act and valour?† Which is a very devious albeit clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ statement from a female, questioning their partner’s love for them for them to spring into action reassuring them of their love and affection for them. Act 1 scene 7 would have generated great excitement for the Elizabethan audience at the time due to the gender-reversal of roles between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Social hierarchy put women below men in terms of authority in almost every aspect of every-day life in the 1600s whether they were peasants or nobles they would be deemed inferior and the males, more often than not, took the domineering roles and were deemed superior to their social counterparts. Lady Macbeth is seen to be the exact opposite of a typical Elizabethan woman: she is shown as cunning and cruel, cold and calculating which were all archetypal characteristics of males. This is proven by Macbeth’s reaction to her plan of assassination as he retorts with : â€Å"Bring forth men-children only, for thy undaunted mettle should compose Nothing but males.† Indeed confirming that the characteristics possessed by Lady Macbeth were only to be found in men and men only. This response is in stark contrast to what our response would be as our orthodox perception of the characteristics of individuals are not based solely or majorly on gender and although a stereotypical view may still exist within some in modern-day society it is still not as deeply engrained into our perception of people as it was in the 17th century. Shakespeare has intentionally left out the murder scene of Duncan for the audience to recreate the scene in their minds as it would be infinitely better represented inside one’s head and would have a better impact rather than the simple shock of a few seconds of seeing blood and gore. This is due to one’s imagination being more able to represent such a scene and will increase the suspense and excitement for the audience. The conversation between Lady Macbeth and Macbeth is portrayed as tense due to the short replies and questions between the two which help to build and maintain tension: â€Å"I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry. Did you not speak?† â€Å"When?† â€Å"Now.† â€Å"As I descended?† â€Å"Ay.† This short exchange of words at a time when discussing the murder clearly shows the anxiety in the two characters and also creates an anxious atmosphere within the audience. From my analysis above I have come to the conclusion that Shakespeare effectively uses language, structure and dramatic devices to maintain the drama where necessary, in this instance the two scenes which are pivotal to the whole play and consequently the most dramatic are filled with such features to maintain drama through unorthodox situations and characters, role reversal and aggressive language to name a few.

Alibrandi essay Essay

In the movie Looking for Alibrandi, director Kate Woods uses many techniques to help you understand the main character, Josie. Some of these techniques are internal dialogue and voice-over narration, day-dream sequences and colour enhancement. All these techniques help viewers to have a better understanding of Josie’s character. The first technique that Woods uses that is very effective appears in an important part of the movie. Internal dialogue is used so that we can hear how Josie is feeling about the things she is going through. An example of this is in the opening scene when it is the Italian community’s â€Å"Tomato Day† and Italians get together to peel and stew tomatoes for tomato sauce. From voice-over narration we can hear Josie’s internal dialogue and understand that Josie doesn’t identify with this old-fashioned get together at all. We hear exactly what Josie thinks of it: â€Å"You might think this is all quirky and cute, but I find it really embarrassing. You would think we were still in Sicilly, but they left there 50 years ago†¦ I’ve got to get out of here! So therefore voice-over narration is a clever technique for helping viewers understand that Josie does not identify with her Italian-Australian heritage or the traditions they follow, and this is particularly useful in the opening scene because it explains what may lie at the heart of Josie’s challenges and conflicts to follow. The second technique used by the director to help us understand more about Josie is the day-dream sequence. Whenever Woods want the viewer to understand that Josie is having a day-dream the film is in slow motion and in sepia tones. An example of this is when Josie has a crush on John Barton, who is from a private boy’s school. She imagines herself standing beside John who is now the Premier of Australia and that she is Mrs Alibrandi-Barton. Cameras are snapping, tickertape is flying and reporters are wanting to speak to her. Another example of a day-dream sequence is when Josie is watching Carly, a very rich and spoiled daughter of a racist talk-back host, getting out of the car on the first day of school. We can tell its day-dream because suddenly Carly is walking very slowly and waving like a movie star. This scene shows us that Josie is very jealous of Carly because she is beautiful, rich and her family is friends with John’s. So therefore, Woods has helped viewers to understand that Josie has a strong imagination and how Josie feels about John Barton and Carly. Finally, Woods uses colour enhancement to help us understand more about Josie. This is when the director uses strong Sepia tonesto show us that Josie thinks what is happening is old-fashioned. At the very beginning of the opening scene viewers are presented with a panning shot of Josie’s Italian family busily making tomato sauce. We are given the impression that this is set some time in the past. When Josie starts talking the colour changes to full colour. From this technique we learn that Josie doesn’t regard ‘Tomato Day’ as part of her world, or the world of modern Australia. So therefore Woods’ use of strong sepia tonings right at the beginning of the opening scene helped us understand that Josie was straining against expressions of her Italian-Australian heritage. In the closing scene it is â€Å"Tomato Day† again but the whole thing is filmed in full-colour with Josie taking part in the stirring and dancing with Nona. Instead of escaping to the beach, she invites her friends in. This helps us understand that by the end of the movie, Josie is comfortable with her Italian-Australia heritage and has therefore overcome some major personal conflicts about her identity. In conclusion, in the movie Looking for Alibrandi, director Kate Woods was able to help viewers understand main character Josie’s opinions and conflicts through the verbal techniques of internal dialogue and voice-over narration, and visual techniques of day-dream sequences and strong sepia tones. The dialogue allowed us to understand what Josie was thinking and it lets you get into the frame of mind of the leading character of the movie. Day-dream sequences were important because they disclosed Josie’s fears and hopes for the future while strong sepia colour helped us to know that Josie thought that her family was old-fashioned.