Communication Evolution Trump Tech Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Communication Evolution Trump Tech. Answer: Literature Review The elections this time in United States unlike the previous elections, as the candidates directly represented the status quo of the two parties they belonged form, Democrat and Republicans. The election was more about the personality and approach of the two candidates, rather than their party ideology (Lilleker et al. 2016). Donald Trump took a very ingenious approach in presenting himself as an outsider in politics and someone who was a perfect representative of the American dream. He is an established business personality, and property honcho, however he had no substantial experience in the field of politics (Williams 2017). Trump had from the very beginning shaped his personality to the voters as a person who is strictly right wing and he included a no compromise policy against the immigrants (Norpoth 2016). A lot of political experts dubbed his approach as being pro white and viewing the Asian and African people as outsiders. This made a lot of people doubt the victory of Trump into office as a substantial amount of votes come from the Asians and Afro Americans. However, the media campaign that Trump took was different and unconventional (Davis 2016). Trump focused on unlikely voters who rarely has been participants of the primaries, which elects the Presidential nominates, and Trump successfully managed to win the primaries. The low propensity voters strategy worked out well (Montanaro 2016). The data analysts and the campaign designers launched one of the most unusual campaigns that had been ever been conducted. A data operation to predict the campaign outcomes had been designed inside the Trump towers known as the Trump Tech. There were contracts set up with Nation builder a platform that has been designed digitally to establish contact with the volunteers, workers and supporters. There have been various controversies during the political campaign that was taken up by Donald Trump, one of which was Gender issues. According to Wang et al. (2016) both Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump used woman card in their political campaign to win the votes of the women. However, some comments made by Donald Trump helped the media against him to portray him as anti-women. Apart from that the media took up the case of Russian hand in US election to establish that Trump has been getting outside support in the elections, and his election as a President can hamper national security (Lichtblau and Myers 2016). As reported by BBC US intelligence agencies have concluded Moscow tried to sway the presidential election in favor of Mr. Trump. It is alleged that Russian hackers stole information linked to the campaign of his rival Hillary Clinton and passed it to WikiLeaks so it could be released to undermine her. Congressional committees were set up to investigate the matter and, in Mar ch, then-FBI director James Comey confirmed the bureau had its own inquiry. However, the clever election campaign adopted by the Trump camp was effective enough to remove the obstacles and hurdles posed by the media and successfully win the elections. In terms of the media of United States, it was initially seen that most of the big media houses were against the Trump campaign. Huffington Post, The New York Times and CNN were some of the news agencies that continuously reported against Donald Trump, to which Trump decided to give direct rebuttals (Azari 2016). The media got divided into pro Trump and anti-Trump Camps (Pickard 2017). Trump even popularized the term Fake News to contradict the US media campaign against him. The word was popularized soon enough and got enlisted as the word of the year (Hirst 2017). Trump has been closely followed by the media and his tweets and Facebook posts during the election campaign has been given a detailed coverage. There was a typing error that was posted from Donald Trumps twitter account which was later included in many online dictionaries. This more than required coverage on Trump actually helped him in the process. Trump did not appear to be a figure who would compromise on his stance. He portrayed himself as someone who is fixed on his plans to build a wall to keep ways illegal immigrants from Mexico and to deport the existing illegal immigrants from the country (Lakoff 2016). America had recently seen some violent terrorist attacks and many crimes committed by illegal immigrants had affected the citizens of the country to a large extent. Trumps political campaign had taken all these factors into consideration and the campaigners wisely penetrated the minds of the people (Francia 2017). Content Analysis The various strategies taken by the political campaigners of Trump had affectively managed to influence the mind of the audience. The media campaign was designed intelligently and in a sequential method. In the required phase the primaries were targeted, and the most unusual voters in this category were influenced to vote in favor of Trump. This had helped in ensuring the candidature of Trump. The media campaigners successfully detected what are the issues which had angered the public in the 8 year long Obama tenure. Unemployment, crime rates, terrorist activities and illegal activities of the immigrants were topping the list. Trump systematically imbibed these into his political campaign and displayed a no compromise policy against all of these issues. This had successfully initiated the process of bringing many disenchanted Obama supporters to his side as well. The data center of Trump was one of the highest tech data centers used in any political election ever by any party. This g ave the campaigners a real time understanding of the moods of people and the political trends of the country. These are some of the ways in which a political campaign was used to influence voting during the 2016 United States Presidential election. References: Azari, J.R., 2016. How the news media helped to nominate Trump.Political Communication,33(4), pp.677-680. Davis, A., 2016. How Trump Won: Why Hillary Clinton Lost and What the Democrats Can Learn from the Shocking 2016 Election.Amazon Digital Services LLC, NY, USA. Francia, P.L., 2017. Free media and Twitter in the 2016 presidential election: The unconventional campaign of Donald Trump.Social Science Computer Review, p.0894439317730302. Hirst, M., 2017. Towards a political economy of fake news.The Political Economy of Communication,5(2). Lakoff, G., 2016. Why Trump?.Huffington Post blog, March,3. Lichtblau, E. and Myers, S.L., 2016. Investigating Donald Trump, FBI Sees No Clear Link to Russia.New York Times. Lilleker, D., Jackson, D., Thorsen, E. and Veneti, A., 2016. US Election Analysis 2016: Media, Voters and the Campaign. Montanaro, D., 2016. 7 Reasons Donald Trump Won the Presidential Election.NPR. org. November,12. Norpoth, H., 2016. Primary model predicts Trump victory.USA TODAY,7, p.16. Pickard, V., 2017. Media failures in the age of Trump.The Political Economy of Communication,4(2). Wang, Y., Feng, Y., Luo, J. and Zhang, X., 2016, December. Pricing the woman card: Gender politics between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. InBig Data (Big Data), 2016 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 2541-2544). IEEE. Williams, C.B., 2017. Introduction: Social media, political marketing and the 2016 US election.

Abigail Williams Questions free essay sample

Abigail Williams used her manipulative skills to get her way and create hysteria in the town of Salem. 1. Why did Abigail flee Salem? She knows soon she will be questioned for the death of Goody Nurse and John 2. Why does Abigail admit to witchcraft? She knows she can get rid of her enemies by blaming them for witchcraft too 3. How is Abigail a hypocrite? She says she loves god in act 1 but she fuels the witch trials and is seen like a devil-like character 4. Why did Abigail want the charm to hurt Elizabeth Proctor? She wanted to have John to herself 5. How is Abigail related to Parris? She is he the niece 6. How did Abigail blame Elizabeth Proctor for poppet? She sticks a needle in herself and says Elizabeth used witchcraft with the doll 7. Why does Abigail think she is a woman and not a kid? Because of her affair with John 8. We will write a custom essay sample on Abigail Williams Questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Why does Abigail do witchcraft? To get back the love of John 9. How is Abigail manipulative in the crucible? Since she is a child she is good at acting like she is innocent 10. How is Abigail selfish? She wanted John all to herself and will do anything to get him 11. How does Abigail change in the story? She acts like a innocent girl but turns into a evil and manipulative girl and then becomes a thief 12. Why does Abigail accuse others for witchcraft? She knew if she accused others she could get out of being blamed 13. Why does Abigail accuse Tituba for what happened in the woods? She is afraid to confess to her sins, her reputation is already ruined because of the affair 14. How does Abigail trick Danforth? She says there is a yellow bird but he can’t see it so he thinks she is possessed 15. Why does Abigail hate Elizabeth? Elizabeth kicked her out so no one else wanted to hire her because of the incident. How does Abigail use her manipulative skills? To what end does she use them and why does she use them in that way? How do they bring about the hysteria in Salem?

The Yellow Wallpaper Essays - Mental Illness In Fiction,

The Yellow Wallpaper The Yellow Wallpaper If there is one story that we have read so far that has had a tremendous impact on me, The Yellow Wallpaper is definitely it. I read the story in high school, however I really didnt remember too much about it. I saw the story as one womans journey into madness however; I also saw it as more than madness. It made me very upset when not only her husband but also her brother, both physicians, shrugged her sickness for lack of a better word off as nothing because it was something they could not understand. I think a lot of this has to do with the fact that they are indeed men. I also think that part of her madness is due to the fact that she is kept in a room in which she detests the yellow wallpaper. In a way, I guess I see it as an almost claustrophobia. I used to suffer from claustrophobia and the one thing I noticed to be similar is that it is terribly easy to pick one part of the room and obsess about it. The yellow wallpaper was a symbol of her entrapment. However it is not only he physical entrapment but also a mental entrapment, she has an unbelieving husband (according to her) and she recently gave birth and she must be feeling some of the emotional strings connected to such an event. She must be feeling extremely overwhelmed and used. She feels as though her husband is not trul y there for her, he constantly belittles her by calling her little girl and the like and he does not pay any attention to her ailments. He keeps telling her that shell be fine as long as she eats right, and gets plenty of rest and exercise, however he lacks the ability to understand that her problem are not physical. The end of the story confused me totally. I really didnt understand where she was going with the woman creeping around in the room. I totally didnt understand what was going on when she became the woman that was creeping. Was that her final decent into her madness or was it related to something else?

Grief paper Essays - Health, Grief, Abortion, Motherhood

Grief paper Essays - Health, Grief, Abortion, Motherhood Grief Support for Families Experiencing Miscarriage This research paper is to inform the reader about grief support for families experiencing miscarriage. A miscarriage, also known as a spontaneous abortion, is the loss of a pregnancy from natural causes before the 20th week of pregnancy CITATION Mis13 \l 1033 ("Miscarriage", 2013) . Approximately one in five known pregnancies ends in miscarriage CITATION Lim10 \l 1033 (Limbo, Kobler, Levang, 2010) . Vaginal bleeding is the most common complaint that brings pregnant women to the emergency department. One of the most common causes of vaginal bleeding during early pregnancy is spontaneous abortion CITATION EmegerencyNursing \l 1033 (Evanovich Zavotsky, Mahoney, Keeler, Eisenstein, 2013) . Families experiencing miscarriage often move through the same stages of grief as one experiencing the death of a loved one. Mothers in particular often report high levels of anxiety and identify the loss as a baby, not just a fetus (E vanovich Zavotsk y et al. , 2013) . Miscarri age is often accompanied by many emotions such as emptiness and extreme sadness . Many women are concerned that they will not be able to become pregnant again or are worried about the possibility of experiencing another miscarriage CITATION And11 \l 1033 (Andersson, Nilsson, Adolfsson, 2011) . Part of the nurses role is to help patients and thei r families cope with their loss. Nurses should be able to provide emotional support as well as the appropriate teaching to help their patients grieve (Evanovich Zavotsk y et al. , 2013) . T his research paper will review the nursing process and an example case study to demonstrate the nurse ' s role in providing grief support to patients experiencing miscarriage. The case study is presented in the following paragraph. Marie, a 28 year old female presents to the emergency room with her husband. She is complaining of vaginal bleeding, severe abdominal pain, and severe cramping. Marie is currently 17 weeks pregnant and this is her first pregnancy. The emergency room nurse takes Marie back to a room and takes a set of vital signs . Marie tells the nurse that she is bleeding so bad she is currently going through one pad an hour. The doctor ordered an ultrasound of the uterus to help confirm his diagnosis of a miscarriage ("How do Health Care Providers Diagno se Pregnancy Loss" , 2012) . On her way to the ultrasound, Marie was crying and expressed her concerns to the nurse. She stated she was worried that there was something wrong with her baby boy whom she'd already named Matthew. Upon return from the ultrasound the doctor entered the room to tell Marie and her husband that she was indeed having a miscarriage. When the doctor left the nurse went in to see how Ma rie was doing. Marie was crying. S he told the nurse that she had lost her baby boy. Marie told the nurse that she felt she had done something wrong and caused the death of her baby. Marie stated that since her body was not able to successfully complete the pregnancy there must be something wrong with her and that it was her fault. Women experiencing miscarriage "will many times assume responsibility for it" and feel guilty because "it was their body that did not successfully complete the pregnancy to term", making the miscarriage their fault (Ander sson, Nilsson, Adolfsson, 2011, p. 263 ) . Marie also states that she feels worthless because her body is not doing what it is supposed to do. She says she has always wanted a baby and doesn't know what she will do if she is never able to have a child. With these statements the nurse identifies a nursing diagnosis for Marie. The nurse forms a nursing diagnosis of grieving related to the negative effects and losses secondary to death as evidence by patient crying and expressing feel ings of guilt and worthlessness CITATION Car13 \l 1033 (Carpenito, 2013) . After determining the nursing diag nosis the nurse then goes on to develop goals for Marie to help provide grief support after the diagnosis of her miscarriage. For some people, miscarriage is "the loss of a wished-for child, imbued

Supramolecular Polymers based on Hydrogen Bonding Essay

Supramolecular Polymers based on Hydrogen Bonding - Essay Example The paper tells that a supramolecular polymer refers to any kind of self-assembly that results in the creation of polymer-like aggregates occurring through reversible interactions between one or more kinds of components. Because of the reversible interactions, these polymers can thermally equilibrate with their monomers, unlike conventional polymers. These polymers are responsive to external stimuli. The mechanical properties of these polymers respond strongly to changes in solvent or temperature because of their reversible interactions, and so, they are in continuous equilibrium with their environment. Therefore, the functional properties of these polymers are highly useful. Supramolecular polymers show polymer like rheological properties because of their macromolecular structure and can also form gels if the self-assembled chains are long enough. Supramolecular polymers comprise of non-covalently bonded monomers and are of various types that include crystals, colloids, gels, liquid crystals, and hydrogen bonded polymers. Hydrogen bonded supramolecular polymers are those polymers in which the monomers are held together only by hydrogen bonds. The utility of hydrogen bonds in bringing polymers together was first shown by Stadler and coworkers. Supramolecular polymers can generally be classified into main-chain and side-chain polymers. The main-chain polymers are further divided into linear main-chain polymers, networks and linear polymers based on their bidirectional units. Side-chain polymers are further divided into two classes. The first one includes polymers with binding motifs in the side-chain, and the second one includes polymers with binding motifs in the main chain (Ligthart 2006). Supramolecular polymers of the linear main-chain type can be formed via the assembly of bifunctional or multifunctional monomers or planar structures that can assemble on both sides of a plane (Ligthart 2006). Figure 1 — Two classes of supramolecular polymers (a) Main -chain polymers, (b) Side-chain polymers (Source: Ligthart 2006, p. 3) According to Greef et al. (2009), supramolecular polymers can be classified based on the type of interactions that lead to their formation. Accordingly, the different types of supramolecular polymers that can be classified based on the interactions include those that are formed by hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ?-? interactions, and metal-ligand binding. However, Greef et al argue that this scheme of classification, although useful, ignores mechanistic details that have been revealed as research in the field progresses. They thus propose another system of classification, which includes two groups. The first group of polymers are those that have monomers of single type, which undergo complementary end-group or self-complementary interactions. With the help of complementary couples that are directional (A-B), and self-complementary binding motifs (A-A), all kinds of polymeric structures such as cross-lin ked networks, linear homo-polymers and copolymers, and branched structures can be synthesized (Ligthart 2006). For instance, polymerization of an A2 monomer which results from the reversible A: A self-complementary interaction, comes under the first group. The polymerization of A-B monomer through a reversible A: B complementary end-group interaction is another example of the first group of supramolecular

Securing a Crime Scene Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Securing a Crime Scene Paper - Essay Example Ultimately, the importance of maintaining a contamination-free crime zones and one that is not meddled with has a profound impact with respect to the equity of the entire justice system (Lehmann et al., 2013). Due to the fact that an individual is generally charged with a crime based upon the evidence that exists at one given time, the ability to go back and retrieve evidenced in the past is not always readily available (Aquila et al., 2014). As such, the strength of the prosecution and the overall equity of the criminal justice system rests upon the ability of stakeholders to derive useful inference from a pristine crime scene that was left just as it was left by the individual responsible for committing it. Within this frame of understanding, the consequence of the contaminated crime scene relates to a situation in which scientific inquiry, police investigation, and jurisprudence is potentially led astray to understand a faulty representation of the way in which events and situatio ns actually transpired (Vivona, 2014) Aquila, I., Ausania, F., Di Nunzio, C., Serra, A., Boca, S., Capelli, A., & ... Ricci, P. (2014). The Role of Contamination in Crime Scene Investigation: Case Report and Review of Literature.  Journal Of Forensic Sciences (Wiley-Blackwell),  59(3), 820-824. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.12401 Balemba, S., Beauregard, E., & Martineau, M. (2014). Getting away with murder: a thematic approach to solved and unsolved homicides using crime scene factors.  Police Practice & Research,  15(3), 221-233. doi:10.1080/15614263.2013.846548 Lehmann, R. B., Goodwill, A. M., Gallasch-Nemitz, F., Biedermann, J., & Dahle, K. (2013). Applying Crime Scene Analysis to the Prediction of Contamination.  Law & Human Behavior (American Psychological Association),  37(4), 241-254.

Why Women Speak Differently Than Men

Why Women Speak Differently Than Men INTRODUCTION This theoretical seminar paper will elaborate on the significant differences of language or speaking behaviour concerning gender. The different ways men and women use language has been of interest in the study of discourse in awhile. Current studies have revealed that women use more words related to psychological and social processes, whereas men refer more to object properties and impersonal topics. (Newman (2008) p. 211) However, do women really speak differently than men or is language possibly even sexist? Ann Weatherall, a Senior Lecturer in the School of Psychology at Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand, assumed that language issues concerning gender are political issues. Furthermore, she thinks that a womans social position is not only reflected by language, but it could challenge it. In addition, she says that certain knowledge about the relationship between language and gender is significant, due to information about strategies for engendering social change for the better. (Weatherall (2002) p. 2) The overall aim of this paper is to draw a conclusion on a de facto incidence of concrete language or speaking differences in meaning/ message, words and phrases between men and women. Where are the differences concerning politeness? Is there a womens language and why do men mostly dominate conversations, if women are better at talking than men? In which way do language skills develop during the childhood? All these questions will be answered in this theoretical analysis. Summing up, this analysis identifies when, where, and how do men and women communicate differently, including why these differences exist. The following research provides a reflection on how men and women communicate in various contexts and domains. ANALYSIS Theoretical Concepts Generally speaking, gender differences in terms of language contain political, professional and personal implications. Other guiding principles are biological or social differences, which need to be taken into consideration. The following analysis points out both sex similarities and sex differences with respect to communicative behaviour. In some domains mens normal speech is similar to womens talking behaviour and in cases they differ completely. In progress, it should be anticipated that both sexes budge in manifold cultural and social environments and thus avail themselves of alternative meanings by sharing universal terms and expressions. Those subtle distinctions often cause misunderstandings and even confusion regarding verbal and non-verbal messages. (Canary, 1998, p. ix-xi) Language differences between men and women can be found in vocabulary innovation, pronunciation, communication style and grammar. According to Ann Weatherall, a scientist of psychology, the nineteenth-century contained an awareness of a relationship between language and womens social status due to womens movement and the publications of this time. (Weatherall, 2002, pp. 2) Language Development during Infancy Even in infancy at the age of nine to fifteen years, the development of language diverse grids can be observed. In their article Sex differences in neural processing of language among children of 2008 by Douglas D. Burman, Tali Bitan and James R. Booth, the scientists research on the sex differences with regard to cerebral activities. They suggest that girls rely on a supramodal language network, whereas boys process visual and auditory words differently. Furthermore the scientists claim that females are generally better among language performance than males, even when they are only two or three years old. They say that boys start talking later, acquire vocabulary slower and show less spontaneous language than girls. (Burman (2008) pp. 1349) For their research study, they used a statistical model that generalized across task, stimulus modality, and age while accounting for variability in performance accuracy. Their findings revealed the following significant attributes: Girls exhibit a greater activation of language areas. In frontal and temporal regions the activation was bilaterally weaker among boys, as right-hemisphere activation was stronger among girls, reducing sensitivity with a higher threshold created the appearance of a laterality difference similar to that reported by others. The left fusiform and superior temporal gyri showed similar sex differences during non-linguistic sensory tasks, yet activation of the fusiform (as well as the left inferior frontal gyrus) was correlated with performance accuracy only during linguistic judgments. Correlation of the left fusiform activation with standardized reading scores further demonstrated its relevance to sex differences in language function. Finally, differences in brain behaviour correlations collapsed across language judgments or stimulus modality demonstrated that girls and boys rely on different brain areas for accurate language performance. (Burman (2008) p. 1357) Although both boys and girls showed bilateral activation, increasing our statistical threshold (thereby lowering sensitivity) resulted in marked sex differences in laterality, with frontal and temporal lobe activation appearing in the right-hemisphere of girls, where their activation was stronger than boys. (Burman (2008) p. 1358) As Jennifer Coates research found, girls acquire linguistic skills at a faster rate than boys. Moreover, they acquire patterns, which differentiate them from boys. The differences, initially thought to result from innate biological differences, are actually developments of distinctions in the linguistic environment of girls and boys. In the socialization process, language plays an important role for a child. [C]ildren are socialized into culturally approved sex roles largely through language. The process of learning to be male or female in our society means, in other words, to learn sex-appropriate language. There are four methods of acquiring socialization through language: The first approach would be through explicit comment on certain aspects of linguistic behaviour, for instance, through swearing, taboo words, verbosity or politeness. Secondly, adults provide different linguistic models for children to identify with. A third way would be that adults talk differently to children d epending on the sex of the child. Experiences say that adults tend to interrupt girls and lisp more when speaking to little girls. The fourth way says that adults have different preconditions of male and female children. Girls are expected to be more verbally able than male infants. The locus of linguistic change can be child language. Linguistic change in progress will be revealed, when we compare the variety of language acquired by children with the variety used by adults of the same ethnic groups or social classes. During infancy and adolescence the individual learns linguistic behaviour appropriate to its sex and becomes part of his or her identity. (Coates, 1986, pp. 133, 134) iii. Major Differences According to Canary and Dindia, the term gender concerns social, symbolic construction that expresses the meaning a society confers on biological sex. Furthermore, they claim gender is related to cultures within any society given. Those two researchers found various communication-related differences including that male infancy and adolescent interacting contains a lot of interruption, self-displays, challenges, strong assertion or direct judgement than female childhood and adolescent communication. Their observations showed that females rely more on verbal communication than men, comprising personal disclosures. Women exhibit this behaviour to maintain and to build intimacy with friends or potential partners. On the other hand, men put confidence in shared activities or doing complaisance for others to build, sustain and express intimacy with friends and potential partners. Additionally, the scientists claim that men only talk about relationships, if there emerged a serious tension or problem requiring attention, whereas women conciliate when talking about relationships. In general, men react less sensitive to and perceptive of others nonverbal cues than women. Moreover, females tend to be more involved in taking care for others than men do. Resulting from these facts comes the idea that both sexes follow expressive and instrumental goals, although one sex may stress one objective more than the other. In other words, males and females misunderstand each other in terms of requesting, questioning, listening or offering assistance. Contrary to sex differences, gender distinctions are cultivated, but not compulsive. (Canary, 1998, p. 20) Speaking mannerism is also shaped by group experiences such as football, hunting, ballet, cheerleading, being father or mother, president or even a hobo. Other social ideologies can be personal appearances or professional options, which underly and reflect social, economic and political power, the income and economic security, which is provided by women and men. Those indications constitute the major distinctions in male and female communication behaviour. As gender theory is seen as a social construction rooted in hierarchy, which means that power is more useful than gender in defining general differentiation. Power imbalance gives information about varieties between various groups of unequal standing, containing parents and children, slaves and masters, prisoners and guards or workplace related hierarchies. (Canary, 1998, p. 21) All in all, owing to Canarys and Dindias evidences, differences between man and women depend on social structures and practices that create and normalize disparate power and correspondingly disparate opportunities, experiences and socially approved identities and activities for the sexes. In their point of view, there was a misinterpretation of personal qualities of human beings by justifying the unequal treatment of individual persons. With the help of Tavris work on academic and popular instances and endemic differences between males and females, the researchers state that mens and womens daily behaviour is adjusted to their roles they play, the ideologies they belief in and the work they do. Thus, their human qualities can be encourages by transforming roles, ideologies and work in both sexes. A further perception in terms of social prescriptions is the fact that women are naturally better than men at taking care of others and of the range of things necessary for all of us to exist. So, we can say in the first place, the existing differences result from culture without being unalterable or essential. (Canary, 1998, pp. 34-36) When looking at conversational interaction, we observe many differences and even a polarized depiction of men and women. The differences imply thoughts, feelings, responds, reactions, love, needs and appreciation. The so-called socialization of women and men develops contrasting communication styles. From this follows that men tend to be direct and assertive, on the other hand, women have a penchant to be polite, expressive and to assume an interpersonal orientation. It needs to be added that those differences reside within the individual. A persons gender does not define its entity, but one should pay attention to what someone does in interaction with others. Male or female talking behaviour depends on the situational context and for that reason no person can be allocated masculine or feminine in significant contexts. [The] construction of polarized conception of men and women in interaction helps to sustain current realities and keep inequalities in place. (Canary, 1998, p. 77) As we learned, the comparison of talking behaviour between men and women reveals consistent gender differences in language use. For women the English language served as way to discuss people and their actions, as well as communicating internal processes to others, including doubts. Additionally, women express thoughts, emotions, senses, negations and verbs in present and past tense more often than men. For men language serves rather as a repository of labels for external events, objects and processes. Along with technical linguistic features such as numbers, articles, prepositions and long words were discussion of occupation, money, sports and even swear words. One phenomenon of both sexes is the indistinguishability in their references to sexuality, anger, time, the use of first-person plural, the number of words and question marks and the insertion of qualifiers in the form of exclusion words (e.g., but, although). The main difference of men was that their speech was characterized by more negative emotion and more references to the past relative to their writing. Natural language tends to be more informal and less constrained, perhaps because spoken language is more natural than writing. Especially girls use function words like pronouns at much higher rates in conversations. Unlike women, men talk about concrete objects, which require nouns and articles, when having a conversation about any topic. Summing up, the general message by Newman, Groom, Handelman and Pennebaker concerns gender differences that are larger on tasks and place fewer constraints on language use. Despite this, both sexes use language in reliably and systematically different ways. Writing about a traumatic experience is very different from writing a class exam, but men and women wrote differently across both contexts. This mirrors the substantial intraindividual consistency in language use reported in earlier work. Thus, gender differences in written and spoken language appear to be reliable and subtle. Their analysis has identified differences at four major levels of research- words, phrases, sentences, and overall messages. Primarily presented word differences possess the most direct correspondence to previous literature. However, many phrase-level, sentence-level, and message-level features are associated with particular word choices. (Newman, 2008, pp. 229,230) iv. Word Differences Discoveries found that women used more intensive adverbs and affect words regarding emotional references, not being always restricted to positive emotions. Successful replications for mens speaking behaviour contained a substantial increased use of numbers, articles, long words, and swearing. Women are more likely to refer both to positive feelings and to negative emotions than men, especially, sadness and anxiety. The finding of a male advantage in anger words is not replicated. The most striking discovery is that unlike men, women are the more prolific users of first-person singular pronouns (i.e., I, me, and my). (Newman, 2008, pp. 230, 231) v. Phrase Differences The category of polite forms (e.g., Would you mind if, Should I get the door?) confirms a small but reliable tendency to be appearing more often in womens texts. Women were more likely to hedge than men. However, women were no more likely to use words from the tentative category (e.g., maybe, perhaps). The use of phrases, such as I guess, indicate the findings that women use more polite forms, and are reluctant to force their views on other people. (Newman, 2008, p. 231) vi. Sentences Differences In terms of words used, men consume more airtime. The data of Newman data found no evidence of any differences in overall word count. Women ask more questions and insert more tag questions into their sentence. (Newman, 2008, p. 231) vii. Differences in message It concerns what is implicit in language rather than what is contained in languages manifest features. Even so, it is informative to consider the types of topics that males and females use their words to talk about. There is strong evidence that women seem to have more of a rapport style, discussing social topics and expressing internal thoughts and feelings more often, whereas men report more often, describing the quantity and location of objects. The absence of a difference in first-person plural may indicate that the word we is not a simple marker of a communal, interdependent mindset rather than indicating doubts about whether women really are rapport oriented. (Newman (2008) pp. 232-233) In the sociolinguistic research of sex differentiation, scientists found that sex differences in language often cut across social class variation. It seems that women from the middle class apply proportionally more standard forms, accorded to overt prestige by society. However, men from the working class apply proportionally more non-standard forms, which are closer to the vernacular. (Coates, 1986, pp. 77, 78) If we have a look at sex differences in communicative competence, it can be observed that men and women pursue different interactive modes. Exempli gartia, in mixed-sex conversations, men tend to interrupt women, which induces silence in the female mind. This strategy used by men is meant to control certain topics of conversation. In return, women have the conspicuous mannerism of minimal responses to indicate support for the person, who is talking. As a general rule, men tend to talk more, use more often swearwords or imperative forms to get things done, while women have a disposition to ask more questions. In terms of politeness, it is the women that avails herself of genteel linguistic forms. Such amassments of linguistic features are often called mens or womens style. Such conspicuous facts in speech are typical for people, who range within a low status society. Such linguistic clusters can be seen as powerful signs of mutual support and solidarity, when women talk to women. Thos e tokens can also be denoted as ideal form of co-operative discourse or co-counselling. Consequently, mens style could be describes as competitive and assertive by dominating mixed-sex interaction, whereas the womens style can be interpreted as co-operative and supportive. Looking at the speech community in respect of participation, it can be assumed that both males and females stick to a certain set of norms for conversational interaction. Needless to say, these norms are differently referring to women or men. What we can exclude is the assumption that these shared norms are grammatical or phonological, but men and women constitute distinct speech communities. (Coates, 1986, p. 117) Contexts are significantly different according to the same-sex or to mixed-sex conversations. The gender hierarchy becomes irrelevant, if all the talking participants are the same sex. In mixed-race conversation, one can observe dominance and oppression. When women interact with other women, they feel equal, but when speaking to men, they are dominated. (Coates, 1986, p. 161) IV. CONCLUSION Taking everything into consideration, interpreting the gender differences is clearly an expansive matter. Further investigation in the future could give some more indications of detailed explanation of the ways in which social roles and relationships between men and women contribute to differences in language use. As we learned during the analysis atop, the study of language caters an unambiguously social perspective on the study of gender differences. Understanding the main differences in communication style between human beings is obviously dependent on the maintenance of gender stereotypes. Communication differences concerning gender reflect a complex combination of social goals, situational demands, and socialization. The overall aim of this paper was to provide a clear outline of the differences in mens and womens language, and maybe offers a starting point for future research into the nature and origin of gender differences. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates significant differences in the way that humans use language with respect to what they say and how they choose to say it. (Newman (2008) p. 233) Furthermore, the study found that girls have significantly greater activation in linguistic areas of the brain. The pattern of activation differences and the relationship of activation with performance accuracy and reading skill suggest that these differences underlie childhood sex differences in language performance. Furthermore, the results indicate that accurate performance among boys and girls depends on different brain regions, perhaps reflecting different approaches to linguistic processing despite extensive overlap in activated regions. Girls make language judgments based on linguistic content by accessing a common language network regardless of the sensory input, whereas boys rely on a modality-specific network. Although such differences reflect early differences in processing language, evidence does not currently suggest that differences in brain-behaviour correlations persist into adulthood. Instead, such differences may disappear as the development of sensory processing in boys catches up to girls, so that by adulthood language processing in both sexes relies on the efficiency of the brains linguistic network. This possibility warrants further study. Nonetheless, by characterizing the nature of sex differences in processing language during a period in which reading acquisition occurs, our findings represent an important step toward identifying the developmental basis for sex differences in language performance. (Burman (2008) pp. 1359, 1360) Summing up, this theoretical seminar paper tried to uncover sex and gender differences and has demonstrated that not only in our society exist male and female differences in language. Linguistic sex differences have socially undesirable consequences. Mens and womens differing understanding in conversational interaction can sometimes lead to miscommunication. [This] miscommunication between adult speakers in mixed conversations assumes that women and men talk differently and have different rules for conversation, because they belong to different subcultures. The path of using language concerning girls is a contributory factor to their disadvantaged position. Differences in girls and boys language are directly related to girls oppression, when looking at the differences in the gender roles and identities of women and men and the hierarchical nature of gender relations and the dominance of men. Language is one of the means by which individuals locate themselves in social space. Completi ng, speech can be seen as an act of identity, because while speaking the individuals defines him- or herself as male or female. (Coates, 1986, pp. 160, 161) It is hoped that this paper could help to understand the way males and females use language and their linguistic relationship a little better.